روم کی غارت گری (410ء)

Sack of Rome (410)
	سلسلہ the مغربی رومی سلطنت کا زوال
	; The Sack of Rome by the Barbarians in 410 by Joseph-Noël Sylvestre, 1890
تاریخ	24 August 410 AD
مقام	روم
نتیجہ	Decisive Visigothic victory
مُحارِب
ویزگاتھ	مغربی رومی سلطنت; ہن
کمان دار اور رہنما
آلاریک اول; Ataulf	ہونوریوس (شہنشاہ)
طاقت
Possibly 40,000 soldiers; Unknown number of civilian followers	Unknown
ہلاکتیں اور نقصانات
Unknown	Unknown

روم کی غارت گری (انگریزی: Sack of Rome) 24 اگست 410 عیسوی کو ویزگاتھوں نے ان کے بادشاہ آلاریک اول کی قیادت میں شروع کی۔ اس وقت روم مغربی رومی سلطنت کا دار الحکومت نہیں تھا۔ اس کی جگہ پر پہلے میدیولانم (اب میلان) 286ء میں اور پھر راوینا 402ء میں دار الحکومت رہا تھا۔ اس کے باوجود، روم شہر نے "ابدی شہر" اور سلطنت کے روحانی مرکز کے طور پر ایک اہم مقام برقرار رکھا۔ تقریباً 800 سالوں میں یہ پہلا موقع تھا جب روم کسی غیر ملکی دشمن کے ہاتھوں میں گیا تھا اور یہ سلطنت کے ہم عصروں، دوستوں اور دشمنوں کے لیے ایک بڑا جھٹکا تھا۔

410ء کے روم پر قبضہ کو مغربی رومی سلطنت کے زوال میں ایک اہم سنگ میل کے طور پر دیکھا جاتا ہے۔ بیت لحم میں رہنے والے سینٹ جیروم کارلی نے لکھا: "وہ شہر جس نے پوری دنیا کو اپنے قبضہ میں لے لیا تھا وہ خود لے لیا گیا"۔ ^[7]

مزید دیکھیے[ترمیم]

حوالہ جات[ترمیم]

↑ Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen (2022)۔ مدیر: Max Knight۔ The World of the Huns Studies in Their History and Culture۔ University of California Press۔ صفحہ: 60۔ ISBN 9780520302617۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 19 نومبر 2022
↑ Thomas S. Burns (1994)۔ Barbarians Within the Gates of Rome A Study of Roman Military Policy and the Barbarians, Ca.375–425 A.D.۔ Indiana University Press۔ صفحہ: 236۔ ISBN 9780253312884۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 18 نومبر 2022
↑ The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 13, (Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 126
↑ Arnold Hugh Martin Jones, The Later Roman Empire, 284–602, (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1964), p. 186.
↑ Arnold Hugh Martin Jones, The Later Roman Empire, 284–602, (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1964), p. 199.
↑ Peter Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians (Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 224.
↑ St Jerome, Letter CXXVII. To Principia, s:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume VI/The Letters of St. Jerome/Letter 127 paragraph 12.

حواشی[ترمیم]

↑ The Huns took part in the defense of the Western Roman Empire during the first Visigothic invasion of Italy; after defeating and killing the magister militum Gainas on his own, Uldin, the Hun king, was called to Italy by the Romans, and in August 406 helped to defeat and kill Radagaisus, the Gothic king who had invaded Italy.^[1] The Huns also took part in the defense of مغربی رومی سلطنت in the clashes before the second siege (409) of the second Visigothic invasion of Italy, when 300 of them were successful against the Goths, reportedly killing 1,100 of them with just 17 losses before the rest of the Gothic army could rally and drive them back to Ravenna.^[2] The Huns were also to participate in greater number, as ہونوریوس (شہنشاہ) attempted to recruit 10,000 of them.^[3]^[4] The news of Honorius' intent caused آلاریک اول to send for him to negotiate new terms. Eventually, however, the 10,000 Huns never materialized.^[5]

مزید پڑھیے[ترمیم]

The Histories of Olympiodorus of Thebes
New History of Zosimus
Michael Kulikowski, Rome's Gothic Wars: From the Third Century to Alaric, Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Kovács, Tamás. “410: Honorius, His Rooster, and the Eunuch (Procop. Vand. 1.2.25–26).” Graeco-Latina Brunensia 25, no. 2 (2020): 131–48. https://doi.org/10.5817/GLB2020-2-10.

[1] Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen (2022)۔ مدیر: Max Knight۔ The World of the Huns Studies in Their History and Culture۔ University of California Press۔ صفحہ: 60۔ ISBN 9780520302617۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 19 نومبر 2022

[BurnsThomas-2] Thomas S. Burns (1994)۔ Barbarians Within the Gates of Rome A Study of Roman Military Policy and the Barbarians, Ca.375–425 A.D.۔ Indiana University Press۔ صفحہ: 236۔ ISBN 9780253312884۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 18 نومبر 2022

[3] The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 13, (Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 126

[4] Arnold Hugh Martin Jones, The Later Roman Empire, 284–602, (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1964), p. 186.

[5] Arnold Hugh Martin Jones, The Later Roman Empire, 284–602, (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1964), p. 199.

[Peter_Heather_2006_page_224-7] Peter Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians (Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 224.

[Jerome127-8] St Jerome, Letter CXXVII. To Principia, s:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume VI/The Letters of St. Jerome/Letter 127 paragraph 12.

[6] The Huns took part in the defense of the Western Roman Empire during the first Visigothic invasion of Italy; after defeating and killing the magister militum Gainas on his own, Uldin, the Hun king, was called to Italy by the Romans, and in August 406 helped to defeat and kill Radagaisus, the Gothic king who had invaded Italy.^[1] The Huns also took part in the defense of مغربی رومی سلطنت in the clashes before the second siege (409) of the second Visigothic invasion of Italy, when 300 of them were successful against the Goths, reportedly killing 1,100 of them with just 17 losses before the rest of the Gothic army could rally and drive them back to Ravenna.^[2] The Huns were also to participate in greater number, as ہونوریوس (شہنشاہ) attempted to recruit 10,000 of them.^[3]^[4] The news of Honorius' intent caused آلاریک اول to send for him to negotiate new terms. Eventually, however, the 10,000 Huns never materialized.^[5]

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