معاونت:با ابجدیہ
ویکیپیڈیا پر با ابجدیہ (IPA) کے بارے میں معلومات کا صفحہ۔
اہم علامات[ترمیم]
علامت | مثالیں | تفصیل | |
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A | |||
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a | Mandarin 他 tā, German Mann | For many English speakers, the first part of the ow sound in cow. Found in some dialects of English in cat or father. |
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ä | American English ah, Spanish casa, French patte | |
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aː | German آچن, French gare | Long [a]. |
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ɐ | RP cut, German کائزرسلائوٹرن | (In transcriptions of English, [ɐ] is usually written ⟨ʌ⟩.) |
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ɑ | Finnish Linna, Dutch bad | |
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ɑː | RP father, French pâte | Long [ɑ]. |
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ɑ̃ | French کان (فرانس), sans, temps | Nasalized [ɑ]. |
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ɒ | RP cot | Like [ɑ], but with the lips slightly rounded. |
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ʌ | American English cut | Like [ɔ], but without the lips being rounded. (When ⟨ʌ⟩ is used for English, it may really be [ɐ] or [ɜ].) |
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æ | RP cat | |
B | |||
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b | English babble | |
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ɓ | Swahili bwana | Like a [b] said with a gulp. See درانفجاری حروف صحیح. |
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β | Spanish la Bamba, Kinyarwanda abana "children" | Like [b], but with the lips not quite touching. |
C | |||
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c | Turkish kebap "kebab", Czech stín "shadow", Greek και "and" | Between English tune (RP) and cute. Sometimes used instead for [tʃ] in languages like Hindi. |
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ç | German Ich | More of a y-coloration (more palatal) than [x]. Some English speakers have a similar sound in huge. To produce this sound, try whispering loudly the word "ye" as in "Hear ye!". |
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ɕ | Mandarin شیان, Polish ściana | More y-like than [ʃ]; something like English she. |
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ɔ | see under O | |
D | |||
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d | English dad | |
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ɗ | Swahili Dodoma | Like [d] said with a gulp. |
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ɖ | American English harder | Like [d] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
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ð | English the, bathe | |
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dz | English adds, Italian zero | |
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dʒ | English judge | |
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dʑ | Polish niedźwiedź "bear" | Like [dʒ], but with more of a y-sound. |
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dʐ | Polish dżem "jam" | Like [dʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
E | |||
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e | Spanish fe; French clé | |
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eː | German Klee | Long [e]. Similar to English hey, before the y sets in. |
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ə | English above, Hindi ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief" | (Only occurs in English when not stressed.) |
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ɚ | American English runner | |
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ɛ | English bet | |
[ ɛ̃ ] | ɛ̃ | French سینٹ-ایٹیینے, vin, main | Nasalized [ɛ]. |
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ɜ | RP bird (long) | |
[ ɝ ] | ɝ | American English bird | |
F | |||
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f | English fun | |
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ɟ | see under J | |
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ʄ | see under J | |
G | |||
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ɡ | English gag | (Should look like ![]() |
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ɠ | Swahili Uganda | Like [ɡ] said with a gulp. |
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ɢ | Like [ɡ], but further back, in the throat. Found in Persian and some Arabic dialects for /q/, as in معمر قذافی. | |
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ʒ | see under Z | English beige. |
H | |||
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h | American English house | |
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ɦ | English ahead, when said quickly. | |
[ ʰ ] | The extra puff of air in English top [tʰɒp] compared to stop [stɒp], or to French or Spanish [t]. | ||
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ħ | Arabic محمد Muhammad | Far down in the throat, like [h], but stronger. |
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ɥ | see under Y | |
[ ɮ ] | ɮ | see under L | |
I | |||
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i | French ville, Spanish بلدولید | |
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iː | English sea | Long [i]. |
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ɪ | English sit | |
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ɨ | Russian ты "you" | Often used for unstressed English roses. |
J | |||
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j | English yes, hallelujah, German Junge | |
[ ʲ ] | ʲ | Russian Ленин [ˈlʲenʲɪn] | Indicates a sound is more y-like. |
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ʝ | Spanish cayo (some dialects) | Like [j], but stronger. |
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ɟ | Turkish gör "see", Czech díra "hole" | Between English dew (RP) and argue. Sometimes used instead for [dʒ] in languages like Hindi. |
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ʄ | Swahili jambo | Like [ɟ] said with a gulp. |
K | |||
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k | English kick, skip | |
L | |||
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l | English leaf | |
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ɫ | English wool Russian малый [ˈmɑɫɨj] "small" |
"Dark" el. |
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ɬ | Welsh llwyd [ɬʊɪd] "grey" Zulu hlala [ɬaːla] "sit" |
By touching roof of mouth with tongue and giving a quick breath out. Found in ویلش زبان placenames like Llangollen and Llanelli and نیلسن منڈیلا's Xhosa name Rolihlahla. |
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ɭ | Like [l] with the tongue curled or pulled back. | |
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ɺ | A flapped [l], like [l] and [ɾ] said together. | |
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ɮ | Zulu dla "eat" | Rather like [l] and [ʒ], or [l] and [ð], said together. |
M | |||
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m | English mime | |
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ɱ | English symphony | Like [m], but lips touch teeth as they do in [f]. |
[ ɯ ] | ɯ | see under W | |
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ʍ | see under W | |
N | |||
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n | English nun | |
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ŋ | English sing | |
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ɲ | Spanish Peña, French champagne | Rather like English canyon. |
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ɳ | Hindi वरुण [ʋəruɳ] Varuna | Like [n] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
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ɴ | Castilian Spanish Don Juan [doɴˈχwan] | Like [ŋ], but further back, in the throat. |
O | |||
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o | Spanish no, French eau | |
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oː | German Boden, French Vosges | Long [o]. Somewhat reminiscent of English no. |
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ɔ | German Oldenburg, French Garonne | |
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ɔː | RP law, French لیموژ | Long [ɔ]. |
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ɔ̃ | French لیون, son | Nasalized [ɔ]. |
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ø | French feu, bœufs | Like [e], but with the lips rounded like [o]. |
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øː | German گوئٹے, French Deûle, neutre | Long [ø]. |
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ɵ | Swedish dum | Halfway between [o] and [ø]. Similar to [ʊ] but with the tongue slightly more down and front. |
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œ | French bœuf, seul, German Göttingen | Like [ɛ], but with the lips rounded like [ɔ]. |
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œː | French œuvre, heure | Long [œ]. |
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œ̃ | French brun, parfum | Nasalized [œ]. |
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θ | see under other | |
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ɸ | see under other | |
P | |||
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p | English pip | |
Q | |||
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q | Arabic قرآن | Like [k], but further back, in the throat. |
R | |||
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r | Spanish perro, Scots borrow | "Rolled R". (Generally used for English [ɹ] when there's no need to be precise.) |
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ɾ | Spanish pero, Tagalog daliri, Malay kabar, American English kitty/kiddie | "Flapped R". |
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ʀ | Dutch rood and German rot (some speakers) | A trill in the back of the throat. Found for /r/ in some conservative registers of French. |
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ɽ | Hindi साड़ी [sɑːɽiː] "sari" | Like flapped [ɾ], but with the tongue curled back. |
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ɹ | RP borrow | |
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ɻ | American English borrow, butter | Like [ɹ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back, as pronounced by many English speakers. |
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ʁ | French پیرس, German برنہارڈ ریمان | Said back in the throat, but not trilled. |
S | |||
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s | English sass | |
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ʃ | English shoe | |
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ʂ | Mandarin 少林 (Shàolín), Russian الیکزاندرپشکن | Acoustically similar to [ʃ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
T | |||
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t | English tot, stop | |
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ʈ | Hindi ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief" | Like [t], but with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
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ts | English cats, Russian царь tsar | |
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tʃ | English church | |
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tɕ | Mandarin 北京 (i) ![]() |
Like [tʃ], but with more of a y-sound. |
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tʂ | Mandarin zh, Polish czas | Like [tʃ] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
U | |||
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u | French vous "you" | |
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uː | French Rocquencourt, German مائیکل شوماکر, close to RP food | Long [u]. |
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ʊ | English foot, German Bundesrepublik | |
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ʉ | Australian English food (long) | Like [ɨ], but with the lips rounded as for [u]. |
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ɥ | see under Y | |
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ɯ | see under W | |
V | |||
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v | English verve | |
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ʋ | Hindi वरुण [ʋəruɳə] "Varuna" | Between [v] and [w]. Used by some Germans and Russians for v/w, and by some speakers of British English for r. |
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ɤ | see under Y | |
[ ɣ ] | ɣ | see under Y | |
[ ʌ ] | ʌ | see under A | |
W | |||
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w | English wow | |
[ ʷ ] | ʷ | English rain [ɹʷeɪn] | Indicates a sound has lip rounding, quick. |
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ʍ | what (some dialects) | like [h] and [w] said together |
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ɯ | Turkish kayık "caïque" | Like [u], but with the lips flat; something like [ʊ]. |
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ɰ | Spanish agua | |
X | |||
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x | Scottish English loch, German جوہن باخ, Russian хороший [xɐˈroʂɨj] "good", Spanish joven | between [k] and [h] |
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χ | northern Standard Dutch Scheveningen, Castilian Spanish Don Juan [doɴˈχwan] | Like [x], but further back , in the throat. Some German and Arabic speakers have [χ] for [x]. |
Y | |||
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y | French rue | Like [i], but with the lips rounded as for [u]. |
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yː | German Bülow, French sûr | Long [y]. |
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ʏ | German ڈسلڈورف | Like [ɪ], but with the lips rounded as for [ʊ]. |
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ɣ | Arabic / Swahili ghali "expensive", Spanish suegro | Sounds rather like French [ʁ] or between [ɡ] and [h]. |
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ɤ | Mandarin ہینان | Like [o] but without the lips rounded, something like a cross of [ʊ] and [ʌ]. |
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ʎ | Italian tagliatelle | Like [l], but more y-like. Rather like English volume. |
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ɥ | French lui | Like [j] and [w] said together. |
Z | |||
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z | English zoos | |
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ʒ | English vision, French journal | |
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ʑ | formal Russian жжёшь [ʑːoʂ] "you burn", Polish źle | More y-like than [ʒ], something like beigey. |
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ʐ | Mandarin 人民日报 Rénmín Rìbào "People's Daily", Russian жир "fat" | Like [ʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
[ ɮ ] | ɮ | see under L | |
Other | |||
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θ | English thigh, bath | |
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ɸ | Japanese 富士 [ɸɯdʑi] کوہ فیوجی, Māori [ˌɸaːɾeːˈnuiː] wharenui | Like [p], but with the lips not quite touching |
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ʔ | English uh-oh, Hawai‘i, German die Angst | The 'glottal stop', a catch in the breath. For some people, found in button [ˈbʌʔn̩], or between vowels across words: Deus ex machina [ˌdeɪəsˌʔɛksˈmɑːkɨnə]; in some nonstandard dialects, in a apple [ʌˈʔæpl̩]. |
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ʕ | Arabic عربي carabī "Arabic" | A light sound deep in the throat. |
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ǀ | English tsk-tsk! or tut-tut!, Zulu icici "earring" | (The English click used for disapproval.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [ kǀ ], [ ɡǀ ], [ ŋǀ ]. The Zimbabwean MP Ncube has this click in his name, as did Cetshwayo. |
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ǁ | English tchick! tchick!, Zulu ixoxo "frog" | (The English click used to urge on a horse.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [ kǁ ], [ ɡǁ ], [ ŋǁ ]. Found in the name of the Xhosa. |
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ǃ | Zulu iqaqa "polecat" | (The English click used to imitate the trotting of a horse.) A hollow popping sound, like a cork pulled from a bottle. Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [ kǃ ], [ ɡǃ ], [ ŋǃ ]. |