نوبل انعام برائے کیمیا وصول کنندگان کی فہرست

ہر سال رائل سویڈش آکیڈمی آف سائنس، سویڈیش آکیڈمی، کارولینسکا انسیٹیوٹ اور ناروینجین نوبل کمیٹی نوبل انعام حاصل کرنے والوں کا اعلان کرتی ہے۔ یہ انعام ایسے اداروں یا شخصیات کو دیا جاتا ہے جنھوں نے کیمیاء، طبعیات، ادب، امن، فعلیات یا طب کے میدان میں نمایاں ترین کام انجام دیا ہو۔ الفریڈ نوبل کی وصیت کے مطابق یہ انعام نوبل فاؤنڈیشن کے زیر انتظام ہے۔ ہر نوبل انعام یافتہ کو ایک سونے کا تمغا، ایک ڈپلومہ اور ایک خاص رقم کی دی جاتی ہے۔ اس رقم کی قیمت ہر سال نوبل فاؤنڈیشن کی طرف سے طے کی جاتی ہے۔

فہرست

سال	وصول کنندگان		ملک	وجہ
1901		یاکوبس ہینریکوس وانت ہوف	نیدرلینڈز	"[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions"
1902		ہرمن امیل فشر	جرمنی	"[for] his work on sugar and purine syntheses"
1903		سوانٹے اگسٹ آرہینیس	سویڈن	"[for] his electrolytic theory of dissociation"
1904		سر سر ولیم ریمسی	برطانیہ	"[for his] discovery of the نبیل فارغہ, and his determination of their place in the periodic system"
1905		اڈلف وون بئیر	جرمنی	"[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on نیل (رنگ) and hydroaromatic compounds"
1906		ہنری مویسن	فرانس	"[for his] investigation and isolation of the element فلورین, and for [the] electric furnace called after him"
1907		ایکوارڈ بچنر	جرمنی	"for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation"
1908		ایرنسٹ ردرفورڈ	برطانیہ New Zealand	"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances"
1909		ولہلم اوسٹوالڈ	جرمنی	"[for] his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction"
1910		اوٹون ولاچ	جرمنی	"[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"
1911		میری کیوری	Poland/France	"[for] the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element"
1912		وکٹر گرگنارڈ	فرانس	"for the discovery of the [...] Grignard reagent"
		پاول سباٹئیر	فرانس	"for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals"
1913		الفرڈ ورنر	سویٹزرلینڈ	"[for] his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules [...] especially in inorganic chemistry"
1914		تھیوڈر ولیم رچرڈ	امریکا	"[for] his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements"
1915		رچرڈ ولسٹیٹر	جرمنی	"for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll"
1916	نہیں دیا گيا
1917
1918		فرٹز ہیبر	جرمنی	"for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"
1919	نہیں دیا گيا
1920		والتھر نرنسٹ	جرمنی	"[for] his work in thermochemistry"
1921		فریڈرک سوڈی	برطانیہ	"for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes"
1922		فرانسسولیم ایسٹون	برطانیہ	"for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule"
1923		فرٹز پریگل	آسٹریا	"for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances"
1924	نہیں دیا گيا
1925		رچرڈ اڈولف زگمونڈی	جرمنی / ہنگری	"for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used"
1926		The (Theodor) Svedberg	سویڈن	"for his work on disperse systems"
1927		ہائنرش اٹو ویلینڈ	جرمنی	"for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances"
1928		ایڈولف اٹو رائنہولڈ ونڈاؤس	جرمنی	"[for] his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the حیاتینs"
1929		آرتھر ہارڈن	برطانیہ	"for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes"
		Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin	سویڈن
1930		ہانز فشر	جرمنی	"for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin"
1931		کارل بوش	جرمنی	"[for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods"
		فریڈرخ برجیاس	جرمنی
1932		ارونگ لینگمر	امریکا	"for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry"
1933	نہیں دیا گيا
1934		Harold Clayton Urey	امریکا	"for his discovery of ڈیوٹیریئم"
1935		Frédéric Joliot	فرانس	"[for] their synthesis of new radioactive elements"
		آئرین جولیٹ کیوری	فرانس
1936		Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye	نیدرلینڈز	"[for his work on] molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases"
1937		Walter Norman Haworth	برطانیہ	"for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C"
		پاول کرر	سویٹزرلینڈ	"for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2"
1938		رچرڈ کوہن	جرمنی	"for his work on carotenoids and حیاتینs"
1939		Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt	جرمنی	"for his work on sex hormones"
		لیپولڈروزکا	سویٹزرلینڈ	"for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes"
1940	نہیں دیا گيا
1941
1942
1943		جارج دی ہیوسی	جرمنی	"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"
1944		اوٹو ہان	جرمنی	"for his discovery of the جوہری انشقاق of heavy nuclei"
1945		ارٹوری المری ورٹنن	فن لینڈ	"for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method"
1946		James Batcheller Sumner	امریکا	"for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized"
		جان ہورڈ نورتروپ	امریکا	"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"
		ونڈل میریڈتھ سٹینلی	امریکا
1947		Sir Robert Robinson	برطانیہ	"for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids"
1948		Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius	سویڈن	"for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins"
1949		William Francis Giauque	امریکا	"for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"
1950		Otto Paul Hermann Diels	وفاقی جمہوریہ جرمنی	"for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis"
		کرٹ الڈر	وفاقی جمہوریہ جرمنی
1951		ایڈون مکملن	امریکا	"for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements"
		گلین ٹی سی بورگ	امریکا
1952		آرچر جوہن پورٹر مارٹن	برطانیہ	"for their invention of partition chromatography"
		رچرڈ لاورنس ملنگٹن سنجی	برطانیہ
1953		ہرمن سٹاوڈنگر	وفاقی جمہوریہ جرمنی	"for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry"
1954		لینس پالنگ	امریکا	"for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances"
1955		ونسنٹ ڈیو وگنیوڈ	امریکا	"for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"
1956		سر سیریل نورمن ہنشلوڈ	برطانیہ	"for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions"
		نکولے سیمینو	سوویت اتحاد
1957		Lord (Alexander R.) Todd	برطانیہ	"for his work on مرثالثہs and nucleotide co-enzymes"
1958		فریڈرک سنگر	برطانیہ	"for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin"
1959		جاروسلیو ہیروسکی	Czechoslovakia	"for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis"
1960		Willard Frank Libby	امریکا	"for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"
1961		ملون کیلون	امریکا	"for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants "
1962		میکس پیروٹز	برطانیہ	"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"
		جان کینڈریو	برطانیہ
1963		کارل زیگلر	وفاقی جمہوریہ جرمنی	"for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers"
		گیلیو ناٹا	اطالیہ
1964		ڈوروتھی ہودگکنگ	برطانیہ	"for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"
1965		رابرٹ برن ودورڈ	امریکا	"for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis"
1966		Robert S. Mulliken	امریکا	"for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method"
1967		مینفرڈ ایگن	وفاقی جمہوریہ جرمنی	"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy"
		رونالڈ جارج ورے فورڈ نورش	برطانیہ
		جارج پورٹر	برطانیہ
1968		لارز اونسگر	امریکا	"for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"
1969		ڈیریک بارٹون	برطانیہ	"for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"
		اوڈ ہسل	ناروے
1970		گرہارڈہرز برگ	ارجنٹائن	"for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates"
1971		لویس ٖفیڈریکو لیلوئر	کینیڈا/جرمنی	"for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals"
1972		کرسچن بی اینفنسن	امریکا	"for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"
		سٹینفورڈ موری	امریکا	"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"
		William H. Stein	امریکا
1973		ارنست اوٹو فسچر	وفاقی جمہوریہ جرمنی	"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds"
		جیوفرے ولنکسن	برطانیہ
1974		Paul J. Flory	امریکا	"for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules"
1975		جان کونفورتھ	آسٹریلیا برطانیہ	"for his work on the تجسیمی کیمیا of enzyme-catalyzed reactions"
		ولادمیر پریلوگ	Yugoslavia/Switzerland	"for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions"
1976		William N. Lipscomb	امریکا	"for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding"
1977	75px	الیا پرگوگین	Belgium	"for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"
1978		پیٹر ڈی میشل	برطانیہ	"for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory"
1979		ہربرٹ سی براون	امریکا	"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"
		جارج وگ	وفاقی جمہوریہ جرمنی
1980		پاول برگ	امریکا	"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"
		والٹر گلبرٹ	امریکا	"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"
		فریڈرک سنگر	برطانیہ
1981		کنیچی فوکوئی	جاپان	"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"
		روالڈ ہوف مین	امریکا
1982		ارون کلگ	برطانیہ	"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"
1983		ہنری ٹاوبی	امریکا	"for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes"
1984	75px	رابرٹ بروس میریفیلڈ	امریکا	"for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"
1985		ہربرٹ اے ہاوپٹمین	امریکا	"for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"
		جیروم کارلی	امریکا
1986		ڈیوڈلی آر ہرچبچ	امریکا	"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"
		یوآن ٹی لی	امریکا / جمہوریۂ چین
		John C. Polanyi	کینیڈا / ہنگری
1987		ڈونالڈ جے کرام	امریکا	"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"
		Jean-Marie Lehn	فرانس
		چارلس جے پیڈرسن	امریکا
1988		جوہن ڈیزنہوفر	وفاقی جمہوریہ جرمنی	"for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre"
		رابرٹ ہوبر	وفاقی جمہوریہ جرمنی
		ہرمٹ مشل	وفاقی جمہوریہ جرمنی
1989		سڈنی آلٹ مین	کینیڈا امریکا	"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"
		تھومس چیک	امریکا
1990		الیاس جیمز کورے	امریکا	"for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"
1991		رچرڈ آر ارنسٹ	سویٹزرلینڈ	"for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy"
1992		روڈلف اے مارکس	امریکا/کینیڈا	"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"
1993		Kary B. Mullis	امریکا	"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his invention of the پولیمرز زنجیری تعامل (PCR) method"
		Michael Smith	کینیڈا	"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies"
1994		George A. Olah	امریکا / ہنگری	"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"
1995		پاول جے. کوٹزن	نیدرلینڈز	"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"
		ماریو جے. مولینا	میکسیکو
		F. Sherwood Rowland	امریکا
1996		Robert F. Curl Jr.	امریکا	"for their discovery of fullerenes"
		Sir Harold W. Kroto	برطانیہ
		Richard E. Smalley	امریکا
1997		پاول ڈی. بویر	امریکا	"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"
		جان ای واکر	برطانیہ
		Jens C. Skou	ڈنمارک	"for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase"
1998		والٹر کوہن	امریکا	"for his development of the density-functional theory"
		John A. Pople	برطانیہ	"for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry"
1999		احمد زیول	مصر	"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy"
2000		الان جے ہیگر	امریکا	"for their discovery and development of conductive polymers"
		Alan G. MacDiarmid	امریکا نیوزی لینڈ
		ہیڈکیشراکوا	جاپان
2001		William S. Knowles	امریکا	"for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions"
		ریوجی نیوری	جاپان
		K. Barry Sharpless	امریکا	"for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"
2002		John B. Fenn	امریکا	"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for their development of soft desorption برقی پھوار تائین for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"
		کوئیچی ٹناکا	جاپان
		کرٹ وتھرچ	سویٹزرلینڈ	"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution"
2003		پیٹر اگری	امریکا	"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels"
		روڈرک مککینون	امریکا	"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"
2004		ارون چیکونور	Israel	"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"
		اورامہ	Israel
		ارون روس	امریکا
2005		ایو شوواں	فرانس	"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"
		رابرٹ ایچ. گربس	امریکا
		رچرڈ آر. شروک	امریکا
2006		راجر ڈی کورنبرگ	امریکا	"for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"
2007		گر ہارڈ ارٹل	جرمنی	"for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"
2008		اوسامو شمومورا	جاپان	"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"
		مارٹن کالفی	امریکا
		راجر ٹسین	امریکا
2009		وینکٹ رامن رامکرشنن	United States India United Kingdom	"for studies of the structure and function of the رائبوسوم"
		تھامس اے. سٹیٹز	امریکا
		Ada E. Yonath	Israel
2010		رچرڈ ایف ہیک	امریکا	"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis"
		ای ایچی نگیشی	جاپان
		Akira Suzuki	جاپان
2011		ڈان سیکٹ مین	Israel	"for the discovery of quasicrystals"
2012		رابرٹ لیفکووٹز	امریکا	"for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors"
		برائن کوبلکا	امریکا
2013		مارٹن کارپلس	امریکا آسٹریا	"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems"
		مائیکل لیوٹ	امریکا برطانیہ اسرائیل
		اریا وارشل	امریکا اسرائیل
2014		ایریک بیٹزگ	امریکا	"for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy"
		سٹیفین ہیل	رومانیا
		ولیم ای مورنر	امریکا
2015		ٹامس لینڈل	سویڈن مملکت متحدہ	"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair"
		پال ایل موڈرچ	ریاستہائے متحدہ
		عزیز سنجر	ترکی ریاستہائے متحدہ