یہ ایک صفحۂ معلومات ہے جو قوانین ویکیپیڈیا کے ذیل میں برادری کے اتفاق رائے کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔ چونکہ بذات خود یہ کسی ہدایت یا حکمت عملی کا حصہ نہیں ہے، بلکہ یہ دیگر ویکیپیڈیا ہدایات اور حکمت عملی کا ضمیمہ ہے؛ اس لیے براہ کرم حالیہ صفحہ اور متعلقہ حکمت عملی صفحہ کے درمیان تضاد کی صورت میں اصل حکمت عملی صفحہ کو ترجیح دیں اور اسی کا حوالہ دیں۔
The charts below show the way in which the بین الاقوامی صوتیاتی ابجد represents تائیوانی ہاکیئن (also called Taiwanese) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.
See تائیوانی ہاکیئن for more detail on the sounds of the language.
Note that English equivalents given in this page may represent only loose approximations to the original. In addition, the Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ) applied in this page is Ernest Tipson 's version , while Chinese Examples are pronounced with literal reading with Taiwanese Romanization System (TL) spelling in default unless specified.
Consonants [ ترمیم ]
حرف صحیح s
معاونت:با ابجدیہ
POJ
TL
Phonetic Symbols
Chinese Example
English approximation
p
p
ㄅ
布 (p òo)
sp an
pʰ
ph
ㄆ
普 (ph óo)
p an
b
b
明 (b îng)
ab ove [ا]
m
m-
ㄇ
媽 (m á)
m oon
am , om , im
,
暗 (àm ), 參 (som )[ب] , 心 (sim )
rim
t
t
ㄉ
端 (t uan)
st op
tʰ
th
ㄊ
透 (th ò)
t op
l
l
ㄌ
來 (l âi)
l ime [پ]
n
n
ㄋ
泥 (n î)
n oon
-n
ㄣ, ㄢ
因 (in ), 安 (an )
k
k
ㄍ
見 (k iàn)
sk in
kʰ
kh
ㄎ
溪 (kh e)
k in
g
g
義 (g ī)
ag ain [ا]
ŋ
ng-
吳 (ng ôo)
sing er
eng , ang , ong
ing , ang , ong
ㄥ, ㄤ,
櫻 (ing ), 幫 (pang ), 王 (ông )
song
h
h
ㄏ
曉 (h iáu)
h it
ʔ
∅
影 (íng, [ʔ iə̯ŋ˥˩ ])
uh -oh
t͡s
ch [ت]
ts
ㄗ
走 (ts áu)
roughly like seats [ت]
t͡ɕ
ㄐ
精 (ts ing)
like itch y, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (لثوی-حنکی حروف صحیح ).[ٹ]
t͡sʰ
chh [ت]
tsh
ㄘ
菜 (tsh ài)
ts unami (English pronunciation)
t͡ɕʰ
ㄑ
市 (tsh ī)
like ch eap, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (لثوی-حنکی حروف صحیح ).[ٹ]
s
s
ㄙ
三 (s am)
s ame
ɕ
ㄒ
審 (s ím)
like sh eep, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (لثوی-حنکی حروف صحیح ).[ٹ]
d͡z
j
熱 (j ua̍h)
pads [ث]
z
z oo [ج]
d͡ʑ
日 (j i̍t)
like j eep, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (لثوی-حنکی حروف صحیح ).[ث] [ٹ]
ʑ
like z ip, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (لثوی-حنکی حروف صحیح ).[ج] [ٹ]
Note: Alveolo-palatal consonants ([t͡ɕ ], [t͡ɕʰ ], [ɕ ], and [d͡ʑ / ʑ ]) always precede [i ] ⟨i / e⟩ as ⟨chi (tsi) / che⟩, ⟨chhi (tshi) / chhe⟩, ⟨si / se⟩, and ⟨ji⟩.
Syllabic consonant s
m̩
-m
姆 (ḿ )
rhythm
ŋ̍
-ng
光 (kng )[چ]
song [ح]
Stop consonant finals
p̚
-p
◌ ㄅ
合 (ha̍p )
like sip , but no audible release
t̚
-t
◌ ㄉ
七 (tshit )
like sit , but no audible release
k̚
-k
◌ ㄍ
角 (kak )
like sick , but no audible release
ʔ
-h
◌ ㄏ
桌 (toh )
uh-oh
مصوت s
معاونت:با ابجدیہ
POJ
TL
Phonetic Symbols
Chinese Example
English approximation
a
a
ㄚ
鴨 (a h)
California : ha t
e
e
家 (ke )
enPR : da y
ə
o
o/or[خ]
ㄜ
高 (kor )
a bout [د]
o
o
ㄛ
高 (ko )
sno w [ڈ]
ɔ
o͘ [ذ]
oo
烏 (oo)
though t
o ng, o m,o p, o k
, ,ㄅ , ㄍ
福 (ho k)
i
i
ㄧ [ر]
一 (i t)
see [ڑ]
u
u
ㄨ
武 (bú )
shoe [ز]
Diphthong s
ai̯
ai
ㄞ
愛 (ài)
figh t [ڑ]
au̯
au
ㄠ
交 (kau )
ou t [ز]
i̯a
ia
ㄧㄚ
射 (siā )
Russia
i̯ɛ
ia n, ia t
ㄧㄢ, ㄧㄚㄉ
電 (tiā n), 結 (kia t)
ye s [ژ]
iə̯
e ng, e k
i ng, i k
ㄧㄥ, ㄧㄍ
英 (i ng), 色 (si k)
eo n [س] [د]
i̯ə
io
ior
ㄧㄜ
腰 (ior )[د]
i̯o
io
ㄧㄛ
腰 (io )[ڈ]
Leo
i̯ɔ
io ng, io k
ㄧ , ㄧㄍ
中 (tio ng), 欲 (io̍ k)
kio sk
i̯u
iu
ㄧㄨ
手 (tshiú )
dew
u̯a
oa
ua
ㄨㄚ
化 (huà )
like qua lity
u̯e
oe
ue
ㄨ
尾 (bué )[ب]
que stion
u̯i
ui
ㄨㄧ
水 (súi )
we
Triphthong s
i̯au̯
iau
ㄧㄠ
妖 (iau)
meow [ڑ] [ز]
u̯ai̯
oai
uai
ㄨㄞ
怪 (kuài )
qui et [ڑ]
Nasal vowel s
◌̃
m◌ , n◌ , ng◌
ㄇ◌ , ㄋ◌ , ◌
毛 (môo ), 貓 (niau ), 雅 (ngá )
Nasalized vowel(s) [ش]
ã
an
ann
衫 (sann )
like na ive; nasalized [a ]
ẽ
en
enn
青 (tsenn )[ب]
like ne xt; nasalized [e ] [ص]
ĩ
in
inn
[ر]
圓 (înn)
like nie ce; nasalized [i ]
ɔ̃
on
onn
否 (hónn )
French: son ; nasalized [ɔ ]
ãĩ̯
ain
ainn
載 (tsáinn )
like ni ne; nasalized [ai̯ ]
ĩ̯ã
ian
iann
ㄧ
兄 (hiann )
roughly like civilian ; nasalized [i̯a ]
ĩ̯ũ
iun
iunn
ㄧ
羊 (iûnn)[چ]
like nu ance; nasalized [i̯u ] [ض]
ũ̯ã
oan
uann
ㄨ
官 (kuann )
roughly like wan der nasalized [u̯a ]
ũ̯ĩ
uin
uinn
ㄨ
快 (khuìnn )[چ]
roughly like twin ; nasalized [u̯i ]
ĩ̯ãũ̯
iaun
iaunn
ㄧ
喓 (iaunn)
like meow ; nasalized [i̯au̯ ]
ũ̯ãĩ̯
oain
uainn
ㄨ
關 (kuainn )[ب]
roughly like win e; nasalized [u̯ai̯ ] [ط]
Note: ⟨◌n ⟩ in POJ is sometimes written as ⟨◌N⟩ when superscript ⟨n⟩ is not supported.
Dialectal segments [ ترمیم ]
Choân-chiu Dialect [ ترمیم ]
Chiang-chiu Dialect [ ترمیم ]
^ ا ب [b ] and [g ] are sometimes transcribed as [b̃ ] and [g̃ ] respectively.
^ ا ب پ ت In Taiwanese ژانگژو accent.
↑ [l ] is pronounced as [ɾ ] or [d ] in some sub-accents; some scholars transcribe [l ] as [ᵈl ] to distinguish from the minor difference with [l ].
^ ا ب پ In some POJ variants , ch and chh are written as ⟨ts⟩ and ⟨tsh⟩ respectively.
^ ا ب پ ت ٹ [t͡ɕ ], [t͡ɕʰ ], [ɕ ], and [ʑ ] are pronounced as [t͡s ], [t͡sʰ ], [s ], and [z ] in some accents.
^ ا ب پ ت [d͡z ] and [d͡ʑ ] are used in Taiwanese چوانژو accent; they are pronounced as [l ] in some sub-accents .
^ ا ب پ ت ٹ [z ] and [ʑ ] is used in Taiwanese ژانگژو accent, while [ʑ ] is pronounced as [g ] mainly in Taiwanese Hok-Ló-Kheh [zh ] sub-accents .
^ ا ب پ In Taiwanese چوانژو accent.
↑ ⟨-ng⟩ [ŋ̍ ] is pronounced as [ũĩ ] mainly in Taiwanese ژانگژو accent.
↑ ⟨o⟩ in TL can present both southern accent and northern accent, while ⟨or⟩ in TL is used to specify southern accent for differentiation.
^ ا ب پ ⟨or⟩ [ə ] is used in Taiwanese southern accent and sometimes transcribed as [ɤ ].
^ ا ب ⟨o⟩ [o ] is used in Taiwanese northern accent.
↑ ⟨o͘⟩ [ɔ ] is sometimes written as ⟨ou⟩ in POJ as the dot is barely visible for readers.
^ ا ب In horizontal writing , it might be written in 90 degrees rotated.
^ ا ب پ ت [i̯ ] can be transcribed as [ɪ ] in ⟨-ai , -i a, -i o, -i au⟩.
^ ا ب پ [u̯ ] can be transcribed as [ʊ ] in ⟨-au ⟩
↑ ⟨ian⟩ is pronounced as either [i̯ɛn ], [ɛn ], or [en ] depending on accents. ⟨iat⟩ is pronounced as either [i̯ɛt̚ ], [ɛt̚ ], or [et̚ ] depending on accents.
↑ ⟨ing⟩ is pronounced as either [iə̯ŋ ], [iŋ ] or [eŋ ], depending on accents. ⟨ik⟩ is pronounced as either [iə̯k̚ ], [ik̚ ] or [ek̚ ] depending on accents.
↑ The combination of a nasal consonant preceding vowel(s) represents nasal vowel (s) due to a natural process of assimilation .
^ ا ب پ ت ٹ ⟨gn⟩ [ȵ ], (enn) [ẽ ], ⟨ee⟩ [ɛ ], ⟨eeh⟩ [ɛʔ ], ⟨eenn⟩ [ɛ̃ ], ⟨ek⟩ [ɛk̚ ], ⟨eng⟩ [ɛŋ ], ⟨ionn⟩ [ĩ̯ɔ̃ ], and ⟨ionnh⟩ [ĩ̯ɔ̃ʔ ] of TL are used in Taiwanese ژانگژو accent.
↑ [ĩ̯ũ ] is only used in چوانژو accent.
↑ [ũ̯ãĩ̯ ] is pronounced as [ũ̯ĩ ], [ũ̯ã ], and [u̯ai̯ ] mainly in Taiwanese چوانژو accent.
^ ا ب پ In Lo̍k-káng چوانژو accent
↑ ⟨er⟩ [ɘ ] is also transcribed as [ə ] by some scholars despite of the slight difference. In addition, ⟨er⟩ is alternatively spelled as ⟨oe⟩ while its Phonetic Symbol is replaced with in textbooks and academic publishing by Ngoo Siu Le [zh ] .
^ ا ب In Sam-Kiap چوانژو accent
↑ In Po-tiong چوانژو نانآن، فوجیان accent
^ ا ب پ In Taiwanese Éng-tsēng ژانگژو accent.
^ ا ب Note that ⟨gn⟩ [ȵ ] and ⟨eenn⟩ [ɛ̃ ] are not listed in the Taiwanese Romanization System by Ministry of Education , but is featured in textbooks and dictionaries.
↑ In Taiwanese تاینان ژانگژو accent.
== حوالہ جات ==* "Tai-Hoa Dictionary" . Peh-oe-ji Tai-gu-bun Bang-cham - Written Taiwanese Southern-Min . * "Dictionary for Common Vocabulary in Taiwanese Hokkien" . Ministry of Education (Taiwan). * "Taiwanese Hokkien Romanization and Pronunciation Learning Network" . National Taichung University of Education .