معاونت:بین الاقوامی صوتیاتی ابجد/تائیوانی ہاکیئن

یہ ایک صفحۂ معلومات ہے جو قوانین ویکیپیڈیا کے ذیل میں برادری کے اتفاق رائے کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔ چونکہ بذات خود یہ کسی ہدایت یا حکمت عملی کا حصہ نہیں ہے، بلکہ یہ دیگر ویکیپیڈیا ہدایات اور حکمت عملی کا ضمیمہ ہے؛ اس لیے براہ کرم حالیہ صفحہ اور متعلقہ حکمت عملی صفحہ کے درمیان تضاد کی صورت میں اصل حکمت عملی صفحہ کو ترجیح دیں اور اسی کا حوالہ دیں۔

The charts below show the way in which the بین الاقوامی صوتیاتی ابجد represents تائیوانی ہاکیئن (also called Taiwanese) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. See تائیوانی ہاکیئن for more detail on the sounds of the language.

Note that English equivalents given in this page may represent only loose approximations to the original. In addition, the Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ) applied in this page is Ernest Tipson's version, while Chinese Examples are pronounced with literal reading with Taiwanese Romanization System (TL) spelling in default unless specified.

Consonants[ترمیم]

حرف صحیحs
معاونت:با ابجدیہ	POJ	TL	Phonetic Symbols	Chinese Example	English approximation
p	p		ㄅ	布 (pòo)	span
pʰ	ph		ㄆ	普 (phóo)	pan
b	b			明 (bîng)	above ^[ا]
m	m-		ㄇ	媽 (má)	moon
m	am, om, im		,	暗 (àm), 參 (som)^[ب], 心 (sim)	rim
t	t		ㄉ	端 (tuan)	stop
tʰ	th		ㄊ	透 (thò)	top
l	l		ㄌ	來 (lâi)	lime ^[پ]
n	n		ㄋ	泥 (nî)	noon
n	-n		ㄣ, ㄢ	因 (in), 安 (an)	noon
k	k		ㄍ	見 (kiàn)	skin
kʰ	kh		ㄎ	溪 (khe)	kin
g	g			義 (gī)	again ^[ا]
ŋ	ng-			吳 (ngôo)	singer
ŋ	eng, ang, ong	ing, ang, ong	ㄥ, ㄤ,	櫻 (ing), 幫 (pang), 王 (ông)	song
h	h		ㄏ	曉 (hiáu)	hit
ʔ	∅			影 (íng, [ʔiə̯ŋ˥˩])	uh-oh
t͡s	ch ^[ت]	ts	ㄗ	走 (tsáu)	roughly like seats ^[ت]
t͡ɕ	ch ^[ت]	ts	ㄐ	精 (tsing)	like itchy, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (لثوی-حنکی حروف صحیح).^[ٹ]
t͡sʰ	chh ^[ت]	tsh	ㄘ	菜 (tshài)	tsunami (English pronunciation)
t͡ɕʰ	chh ^[ت]	tsh	ㄑ	市 (tshī)	like cheap, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (لثوی-حنکی حروف صحیح).^[ٹ]
s	s		ㄙ	三 (sam)	same
ɕ	s		ㄒ	審 (sím)	like sheep, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (لثوی-حنکی حروف صحیح).^[ٹ]
d͡z	j			熱 (jua̍h)	pads ^[ث]
z				熱 (jua̍h)	zoo ^[ج]
d͡ʑ				日 (ji̍t)	like jeep, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (لثوی-حنکی حروف صحیح).^[ث]^[ٹ]
ʑ				日 (ji̍t)	like zip, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (لثوی-حنکی حروف صحیح).^[ج]^[ٹ]
Note: Alveolo-palatal consonants ([t͡ɕ], [t͡ɕʰ], [ɕ], and [d͡ʑ / ʑ]) always precede [i] ⟨i / e⟩ as ⟨chi (tsi) / che⟩, ⟨chhi (tshi) / chhe⟩, ⟨si / se⟩, and ⟨ji⟩.
Syllabic consonants
m̩	-m			姆 (ḿ)	rhythm
ŋ̍	-ng			光 (kng)^[چ]	song ^[ح]
Stop consonant finals
p̚	-p		◌_ㄅ	合 (ha̍p)	like sip, but no audible release
t̚	-t		◌_ㄉ	七 (tshit)	like sit, but no audible release
k̚	-k		◌_ㄍ	角 (kak)	like sick, but no audible release
ʔ	-h		◌_ㄏ	桌 (toh)	uh-oh

Vowels[ترمیم]

مصوتs
معاونت:با ابجدیہ	POJ	TL	Phonetic Symbols	Chinese Example	English approximation
a	a		ㄚ	鴨 (ah)	California: hat
e	e			家 (ke)	enPR: day
ə	o	o/or^[خ]	ㄜ	高 (kor)	about ^[د]
o	o	o	ㄛ	高 (ko)	snow ^[ڈ]
ɔ	o͘ ^[ذ]	oo		烏 (oo)	thought
ɔ	ong, om, op, ok		, , _ㄅ, _ㄍ	福 (hok)	thought
i	i		ㄧ ^[ر]	一 (it)	see ^[ڑ]
u	u		ㄨ	武 (bú)	shoe ^[ز]
Diphthongs
ai̯	ai		ㄞ	愛 (ài)	fight ^[ڑ]
au̯	au		ㄠ	交 (kau)	out ^[ز]
i̯a	ia		ㄧㄚ	射 (siā)	Russia
i̯ɛ	ian, iat		ㄧㄢ, ㄧㄚ_ㄉ	電 (tiān), 結 (kiat)	yes ^[ژ]
iə̯	eng, ek	ing, ik	ㄧㄥ, ㄧ_ㄍ	英 (ing), 色 (sik)	eon ^[س]^[د]
i̯ə	io	ior	ㄧㄜ	腰 (ior)^[د]	eon ^[س]^[د]
i̯o	io	io	ㄧㄛ	腰 (io)^[ڈ]	Leo
i̯ɔ	iong, iok		ㄧ, ㄧ_ㄍ	中 (tiong), 欲 (io̍k)	kiosk
i̯u	iu		ㄧㄨ	手 (tshiú)	dew
u̯a	oa	ua	ㄨㄚ	化 (huà)	like quality
u̯e	oe	ue	ㄨ	尾 (bué)^[ب]	question
u̯i	ui		ㄨㄧ	水 (súi)	we
Triphthongs
i̯au̯	iau		ㄧㄠ	妖 (iau)	meow ^[ڑ]^[ز]
u̯ai̯	oai	uai	ㄨㄞ	怪 (kuài)	quiet ^[ڑ]
Nasal vowels
◌̃	m◌, n◌, ng◌		ㄇ◌, ㄋ◌, ◌	毛 (môo), 貓 (niau), 雅 (ngá)	Nasalized vowel(s) ^[ش]
ã	aⁿ	ann		衫 (sann)	like naive; nasalized [a]
ẽ	eⁿ	enn		青 (tsenn)^[ب]	like next; nasalized [e] ^[ص]
ĩ	iⁿ	inn	^[ر]	圓 (înn)	like niece; nasalized [i]
ɔ̃	oⁿ	onn		否 (hónn)	French: son; nasalized [ɔ]
ãĩ̯	aiⁿ	ainn		載 (tsáinn)	like nine; nasalized [ai̯]
ĩ̯ã	iaⁿ	iann	ㄧ	兄 (hiann)	roughly like civilian; nasalized [i̯a]
ĩ̯ũ	iuⁿ	iunn	ㄧ	羊 (iûnn)^[چ]	like nuance; nasalized [i̯u] ^[ض]
ũ̯ã	oaⁿ	uann	ㄨ	官 (kuann)	roughly like wander nasalized [u̯a]
ũ̯ĩ	uiⁿ	uinn	ㄨ	快 (khuìnn)^[چ]	roughly like twin; nasalized [u̯i]
ĩ̯ãũ̯	iauⁿ	iaunn	ㄧ	喓 (iaunn)	like meow; nasalized [i̯au̯]
ũ̯ãĩ̯	oaiⁿ	uainn	ㄨ	關 (kuainn)^[ب]	roughly like wine; nasalized [u̯ai̯] ^[ط]
Note: ⟨◌ⁿ⟩ in POJ is sometimes written as ⟨◌N⟩ when superscript ⟨n⟩ is not supported.

Tones[ترمیم]

Tones
Tone Number	معاونت:با ابجدیہ	POJ	TL	Phonetic Symbols	Chinese Example	Tone number
Tone Number	معاونت:با ابجدیہ	POJ	TL	Phonetic Symbols	Chinese Example	کائوسیونگ شہر	تائپے	Lukang
0		◌--a			後日（āu--ji̍t）	(varying)
1	˦˦	a		ㄚ	東	55	44	33
2	˥˩	á		ㄚˋ	黨	51	53	55
3	˧˩	à		ㄚ˪	棟	31	21	31
4	˧˨ʔ	a◌		ㄚ_◌	督	3ʔ	2ʔ	5ʔ
5	˨˦	â		ㄚˊ	同	24
6	˨˨	ǎ		ㄚˋ	動			22
7	˧˧	ā		ㄚ˫	洞	33		31
8	˦ʔ	a̍◌		ㄚ_◌˙	毒	5ʔ	4ʔ	35ʔ
9	˧˥		a̋		引擎	35
Note: ◌ can be any of the four stop consonant finals in Taiwanese as listed in the above.

Dialectal segments[ترمیم]

Choân-chiu Dialect[ترمیم]

حرف صحیحs
معاونت:با ابجدیہ	POJ	TL	Phonetic Symbols	Chinese Example	English approximation
d͡ʑ	j	j		字 (jī / lī)	like jeep, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (لثوی-حنکی حروف صحیح).^[ث]
l		l	ㄌ	字 (jī / lī)	lap
l		l	ㄌ	熱 (jua̍h / lua̍h)	lap
d͡z		j		熱 (jua̍h / lua̍h)	pads ^[ث]
مصوتs
ɘ	e	er	ㄜ	火 (hér)^[ظ]	New Zealand: bit ^[ع]
ɨ	i / u	ir		豬 (tir)	roughly like glasses; sometimes pronounced as [ɯ] as goose (California)^[غ]^[ظ]
ɘ̯e	oe	ere	ㄜ	雞 (kere)^[غ]
ɘ̯u	io	eru	ㄜㄨ	購 (kerù)^[ظ]
ɨ̯̃ĩ	eng	irinn		肩 (kirinn)^[ف]

Chiang-chiu Dialect[ترمیم]

حرف صحیحs
معاونت:با ابجدیہ	POJ	TL	Phonetic Symbols	Chinese Example	English approximation
ȵ	n	gn		耳 (gní)^[ق]	like onion ^[ص]^[ک]
ʑ	j	j		日 (ji̍t / gi̍t)	like zip, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (لثوی-حنکی حروف صحیح).^[ج]
g	j	g		日 (ji̍t / gi̍t)	give ^[ج]
z	j			熱 (jua̍h)	zoo ^[ج]
مصوتs
ɛ	e	ee / ek / eng	ㄝ	家 (kee) ^[ق]	bet ^[ص]
ɛ̃	eⁿ	eenn		青 (tsheenn) ^[ق]	French: vin; nasalized [ɛ] ^[ص]^[ک]
ĩ̯ɔ̃	iuⁿ	ionn	ㄧ	羊 (iônn) ^[گ]	like neon; nasalized [i̯o] ^[ص]

حواشی[ترمیم]

^ ^ا ^ب [b] and [g] are sometimes transcribed as [b̃] and [g̃] respectively.
^ ^ا ^ب ^پ ^ت In Taiwanese ژانگژو accent.
↑ [l] is pronounced as [ɾ] or [d] in some sub-accents; some scholars transcribe [l] as [ᵈl] to distinguish from the minor difference with [l].
^ ^ا ^ب ^پ In some POJ variants, ch and chh are written as ⟨ts⟩ and ⟨tsh⟩ respectively.
^ ^ا ^ب ^پ ^ت ^ٹ [t͡ɕ], [t͡ɕʰ], [ɕ], and [ʑ] are pronounced as [t͡s], [t͡sʰ], [s], and [z] in some accents.
^ ^ا ^ب ^پ ^ت [d͡z] and [d͡ʑ] are used in Taiwanese چوانژو accent; they are pronounced as [l] in some sub-accents.
^ ^ا ^ب ^پ ^ت ^ٹ [z] and [ʑ] is used in Taiwanese ژانگژو accent, while [ʑ] is pronounced as [g] mainly in Taiwanese Hok-Ló-Kheh [zh] sub-accents.
^ ^ا ^ب ^پ In Taiwanese چوانژو accent.
↑ ⟨-ng⟩ [ŋ̍] is pronounced as [ũĩ] mainly in Taiwanese ژانگژو accent.
↑ ⟨o⟩ in TL can present both southern accent and northern accent, while ⟨or⟩ in TL is used to specify southern accent for differentiation.
^ ^ا ^ب ^پ ⟨or⟩ [ə] is used in Taiwanese southern accent and sometimes transcribed as [ɤ].
^ ^ا ^ب ⟨o⟩ [o] is used in Taiwanese northern accent.
↑ ⟨o͘⟩ [ɔ] is sometimes written as ⟨ou⟩ in POJ as the dot is barely visible for readers.
^ ^ا ^ب In horizontal writing, it might be written in 90 degrees rotated.
^ ^ا ^ب ^پ ^ت [i̯] can be transcribed as [ɪ] in ⟨-ai, -ia, -io, -iau⟩.
^ ^ا ^ب ^پ [u̯] can be transcribed as [ʊ] in ⟨-au⟩
↑ ⟨ian⟩ is pronounced as either [i̯ɛn], [ɛn], or [en] depending on accents.
⟨iat⟩ is pronounced as either [i̯ɛt̚], [ɛt̚], or [et̚] depending on accents.
↑ ⟨ing⟩ is pronounced as either [iə̯ŋ], [iŋ] or [eŋ], depending on accents.
⟨ik⟩ is pronounced as either [iə̯k̚], [ik̚] or [ek̚] depending on accents.
↑ The combination of a nasal consonant preceding vowel(s) represents nasal vowel(s) due to a natural process of assimilation.
^ ^ا ^ب ^پ ^ت ^ٹ ⟨gn⟩ [ȵ], (enn) [ẽ], ⟨ee⟩ [ɛ], ⟨eeh⟩ [ɛʔ], ⟨eenn⟩ [ɛ̃], ⟨ek⟩ [ɛk̚], ⟨eng⟩ [ɛŋ], ⟨ionn⟩ [ĩ̯ɔ̃], and ⟨ionnh⟩ [ĩ̯ɔ̃ʔ] of TL are used in Taiwanese ژانگژو accent.
↑ [ĩ̯ũ] is only used in چوانژو accent.
↑ [ũ̯ãĩ̯] is pronounced as [ũ̯ĩ], [ũ̯ã], and [u̯ai̯] mainly in Taiwanese چوانژو accent.
^ ^ا ^ب ^پ In Lo̍k-káng چوانژو accent
↑ ⟨er⟩ [ɘ] is also transcribed as [ə] by some scholars despite of the slight difference. In addition, ⟨er⟩ is alternatively spelled as ⟨oe⟩ while its Phonetic Symbol is replaced with in textbooks and academic publishing by Ngoo Siu Le [zh].
^ ^ا ^ب In Sam-Kiap چوانژو accent
↑ In Po-tiong چوانژو نانآن، فوجیان accent
^ ^ا ^ب ^پ In Taiwanese Éng-tsēng ژانگژو accent.
^ ^ا ^ب Note that ⟨gn⟩ [ȵ] and ⟨eenn⟩ [ɛ̃] are not listed in the Taiwanese Romanization System by Ministry of Education, but is featured in textbooks and dictionaries.
↑ In Taiwanese تاینان ژانگژو accent.

== حوالہ جات ==* "Tai-Hoa Dictionary". Peh-oe-ji Tai-gu-bun Bang-cham - Written Taiwanese Southern-Min. * "Dictionary for Common Vocabulary in Taiwanese Hokkien". Ministry of Education (Taiwan). * "Taiwanese Hokkien Romanization and Pronunciation Learning Network". National Taichung University of Education.

[bg-1] ا ^ب [b] and [g] are sometimes transcribed as [b̃] and [g̃] respectively.

[chiangchiu-2] ا ^ب ^پ ^ت In Taiwanese ژانگژو accent.

[dl-3] [l] is pronounced as [ɾ] or [d] in some sub-accents; some scholars transcribe [l] as [ᵈl] to distinguish from the minor difference with [l].

[ts-ch-4] ا ^ب ^پ In some POJ variants, ch and chh are written as ⟨ts⟩ and ⟨tsh⟩ respectively.

[sj-5] ا ^ب ^پ ^ت ^ٹ [t͡ɕ], [t͡ɕʰ], [ɕ], and [ʑ] are pronounced as [t͡s], [t͡sʰ], [s], and [z] in some accents.

[dz-6] ا ^ب ^پ ^ت [d͡z] and [d͡ʑ] are used in Taiwanese چوانژو accent; they are pronounced as [l] in some sub-accents.

[zj-7] ا ^ب ^پ ^ت ^ٹ [z] and [ʑ] is used in Taiwanese ژانگژو accent, while [ʑ] is pronounced as [g] mainly in Taiwanese Hok-Ló-Kheh [zh] sub-accents.

[choanchiu-8] ا ^ب ^پ In Taiwanese چوانژو accent.

[ng-9] ⟨-ng⟩ [ŋ̍] is pronounced as [ũĩ] mainly in Taiwanese ژانگژو accent.

[accent-10] ⟨o⟩ in TL can present both southern accent and northern accent, while ⟨or⟩ in TL is used to specify southern accent for differentiation.

[or-11] ا ^ب ^پ ⟨or⟩ [ə] is used in Taiwanese southern accent and sometimes transcribed as [ɤ].

[o-12] ا ^ب ⟨o⟩ [o] is used in Taiwanese northern accent.

[13] ⟨o͘⟩ [ɔ] is sometimes written as ⟨ou⟩ in POJ as the dot is barely visible for readers.

[rotate-14] ا ^ب In horizontal writing, it might be written in 90 degrees rotated.

[small_i-15] ا ^ب ^پ ^ت [i̯] can be transcribed as [ɪ] in ⟨-ai, -ia, -io, -iau⟩.

[small_u-16] ا ^ب ^پ [u̯] can be transcribed as [ʊ] in ⟨-au⟩

[ian_iat-17] ⟨ian⟩ is pronounced as either [i̯ɛn], [ɛn], or [en] depending on accents.
⟨iat⟩ is pronounced as either [i̯ɛt̚], [ɛt̚], or [et̚] depending on accents.

[ing_ik-18] ⟨ing⟩ is pronounced as either [iə̯ŋ], [iŋ] or [eŋ], depending on accents.
⟨ik⟩ is pronounced as either [iə̯k̚], [ik̚] or [ek̚] depending on accents.

[nasal_vowel-19] The combination of a nasal consonant preceding vowel(s) represents nasal vowel(s) due to a natural process of assimilation.

[cchiu-20] ا ^ب ^پ ^ت ^ٹ ⟨gn⟩ [ȵ], (enn) [ẽ], ⟨ee⟩ [ɛ], ⟨eeh⟩ [ɛʔ], ⟨eenn⟩ [ɛ̃], ⟨ek⟩ [ɛk̚], ⟨eng⟩ [ɛŋ], ⟨ionn⟩ [ĩ̯ɔ̃], and ⟨ionnh⟩ [ĩ̯ɔ̃ʔ] of TL are used in Taiwanese ژانگژو accent.

[iunn-21] [ĩ̯ũ] is only used in چوانژو accent.

[uainn-22] [ũ̯ãĩ̯] is pronounced as [ũ̯ĩ], [ũ̯ã], and [u̯ai̯] mainly in Taiwanese چوانژو accent.

[lokkang-23] ا ^ب ^پ In Lo̍k-káng چوانژو accent

[er-24] ⟨er⟩ [ɘ] is also transcribed as [ə] by some scholars despite of the slight difference. In addition, ⟨er⟩ is alternatively spelled as ⟨oe⟩ while its Phonetic Symbol is replaced with in textbooks and academic publishing by Ngoo Siu Le [zh].

[samkia-25] ا ^ب In Sam-Kiap چوانژو accent

[26] In Po-tiong چوانژو نانآن، فوجیان accent

[oldchiangchiu-27] ا ^ب ^پ In Taiwanese Éng-tsēng ژانگژو accent.

[gn_eenn-28] ا ^ب Note that ⟨gn⟩ [ȵ] and ⟨eenn⟩ [ɛ̃] are not listed in the Taiwanese Romanization System by Ministry of Education, but is featured in textbooks and dictionaries.

[tainanchiangchiu-29] In Taiwanese تاینان ژانگژو accent.

[ا]

[ب]

[پ]

[ت]

[ٹ]

[ث]

[ج]

[چ]

[ح]

[خ]

[د]

[ڈ]

[ذ]

[ر]

[ڑ]

[ز]

[ژ]

[س]

[ش]

[ص]

[ض]

[ط]

[ظ]

[ع]

[غ]

[ف]

[ق]

[ک]

[گ]

د ب ت آئی پی اے کلید
افریکانز البانوی امہری عربی مصری حجازی تونسی آرامی آرمینیائی آسامی آستوریائی آسٹریلوی زبانیں آزربائیجانی باسک بیلاروسی بنگالی بربر بریٹن بلغاری برمی کاتالان چینی مینڈارن کینٹنی تائیوانی ہاکیئن کارسیکائی چیک اورسلوواک ڈینش فارسی دوتھراکی ڈچ انگریزی انگریزی لہجات قدیم انگریزی اسپرانتو استونیائی اکستریمادوری فجی فنش فرانکو-پروینسال فرانسیسی فریسی زاترلانڈ مغربی گالیسیائی ترکمان جارجیائی جرمن جرمن المانی یونانی گوارانی گجراتی ہیٹی کریول ہوائی عبرانی ہندی مجارستانی آئس لینڈی مالے انوکٹیٹوٹ انوپیاک آئرش اطالوی جاپانی خودئیو-ہسپانوی کنڑا کیرن کشمیری قازق خمیر کلینگون کوریائی کؤری-وینی کردی لاؤ لاطینی لیٹویائی لاز لتھووینیائی معاونت:بین الاقوامی اصواتی ابجدیہ/لگژمبرگی مقدونیائی مالاگاسی مالے ملیالم مالٹی مانچو مینکس ماوری مارشلی مایائی منگرلیئن منگولی میراندی ناواتال ناواہو ناپولی نیپالی شمالی تھائی نارویجن آکسیٹان اڑیہ اورومو اوسیشیائی فارسی پولش پرتگیزی پنجابی کیچوا ریپواری کولونی رومانیائی رومانش روسی سنسکرت کلاسیکی ساردینیائی سکاٹش گیلک سربی کروشیائی شان سلوواک سلووین ہسپانوی سوان سواحلی سوازی سونسکا تگالوگ تائی لو تاجک تمل تھائی تبتی تیگرینیا ترکی ترکمان یوکرینی وینسی ویتنامی والون واندامین ویلزی نگونی یدیش زولو
موازنہ	کے ساتھ انگریزی کنونشن دوبارہ ہجے تلفظ کلید دیگر کے ساتھ دوبارہ ہجے کیلد
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