معاونت:بین الاقوامی صوتیاتی ابجد/لیٹویائی
The table below shows the way in which the بین الاقوامی صوتیاتی ابجد represents لیٹویائی زبان pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.
See Latvian phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Latvian.
IPA key
[ترمیم]Mostly based on Nicole Nau (1998)، Latvian، Lincom Europa، ص 66، ISBN:3-89586-228-2
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Geminate consonants
[ترمیم]At the time of its inception, a conscious decision was made that Latvian orthography would not show gemination/lengthening of consonants because it was unnecessary to do so. Nevertheless, single obstruent consonants (as opposed to consonant clusters) between two short vowels are always long: Atis would be ⟨attis⟩ and aka would be ⟨akka⟩ or [ˈatːis] and [ˈakːa].[10] In transcribing Latvian in IPA, however, consonant length is usually not indicated. Sonorants, however, indicated in orthography: in mamma, panna, allaž, ķerra, the long sonorants should probably be indicated both in phonetic as well as صوتیہ [less precise] transcriptions: [mamːa], [panːa], [alːaʒ], [cærːa].[10]
Tone
[ترمیم]Standard Latvian has three tones called, by convention, the level (stiepts), broken (lauzts) and falling (krītošs,) indicated by a tilde (~), circumflex (^) or grave (`) accents, respectively.[11] Different tones are distinguished if the stressed syllable (the first syllable, in most all cases) has either a long vowel or a diphthong. Short vowels and unstressed syllables do not take on different tones.[12]
In Riga, Latvian the falling tone has been syncretized with the broken: its users differentiate only between the level and broken tones and perceive the falling tone as broken.
Tone is usually omitted transcribing Latvian in IPA.[why?][حوالہ درکار] English Wiktionary for its Latvian entries, however, uses a notation of macron, circumflex or grave accent if necessary (the tilde is already reserved for indicating nasal vowels in IPA so it is replaced it with a macron.)
See also
[ترمیم]References
[ترمیم]- ^ ا ب پ An unvoiced consonant, in a compound, followed by a voiced consonant becomes voiced: atdarīt → [ˈadːariːt] or [ˈadˌdariːt].
- ^ ا ب [f] and [x] occur only in loanwords.
- ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ Before the masculine ending -s, voiced consonants are devoiced: smags → [smaks]. The -s is assimilated after a devoiced fricative, producing a long consonant: mazs → [masː] and mežs → [meʃː]. Devoicing also occurs in compounds: labprātīgs → [ˈlapːraːtiːks] or [ˈlapˌpraːtiːks].
- ↑ Allophone of nasals before طبقی حروف صحیح.
- ^ ا ب پ The letter ⟨o⟩ in Latvian orthography usually represents the diphthong [uɔ]): Lithuanian nuoma and Latvian noma. [ɔ] and its long counterpart, [ɔː], occur only in loanwords.
- ↑ "DIVSKAŅI"۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 12 مئی 2025ء
{{حوالہ ویب}}: تحقق من التاريخ في:|accessdate=(معاونت) و|accessdate=میں 13 کی جگہ line feed character (معاونت) - ^ ا ب پ ت In closed syllables, [ai], [ɛi], [oi], and [ui] may be transcribed as vowel-glide sequences: tais [tajs], veikt [vɛjkt], boikots [bɔjkɔts], and muita [mujta].
- ^ ا ب پ Only in loanwords or onomatopoeiatic words.
- ↑ Only in loanwords and onomatopoeiatic words or as the result of vocalization in open syllables of [v].
- ^ ا ب Bernd Kortmann (2011)۔ The Languages and Linguistics of Europe۔ Walter de Gruyter۔ ص 5۔ ISBN:3110220253۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 12 مئی 2025ء۔
Consonant quantity is well-developed in Latvian as a result of Fennic substratum influence. Sonorants show distinctive quantity mainly in loanwords, cf. manna [manːa] 'manna' vs. mana [mana] (nom.sg.fem. of 1st ps. sg possesive pronoun). Non-distinctive quantitative variation in obstruents occurs in native words: immediately post-tonic voicless obstruents are automatically lengthened between short vowels, cf. lapa [lapːa] 'leaf' vs. lāpa [laːpa] 'torch,' lapā [lapaː] 'leaf (loc.sg.)'. In Lithuanian there is no consonantal quantity and on the morphemic boundary geminates are shortened.
{{حوالہ کتاب}}: تحقق من التاريخ في:|accessdate=(معاونت) و|accessdate=میں 13 کی جگہ line feed character (معاونت) - ↑ Olga Masļanska؛ Aina Rubīna (1992)۔ Valsts valoda - Курс лекций латышского языка۔ Rīga۔ ص 11۔
В латышском языке имеется слоговая интонация, которая может быть протяжной (~), прерывистой (^) и нисходящей (\). В некоторых случаях интонация имеет смыслоразличительное значение, например: за~ле ("зал"), за^ле ("трава"), za\les ("лекарство")
{{حوالہ کتاب}}: اسلوب حوالہ 1 کا انتظام: مقام بدون ناشر (link) - ↑ Bernd Kortmann (2011)۔ The Languages and Linguistics of Europe۔ Walter de Gruyter۔ ص 6۔ ISBN:3110220253۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 12 مئی 2025ء۔
Both Latvian and Lithuanian are pitch languages. In Lithuanian, stressed long vocalic segments (long vowels, diphthongs, and sequences of vowel plus sonorant) show a distinctive opposition of rising and falling pitch, cf. kar̃tų 'time:gen.pl' vs. kártų 'hang:irr.3'. In standard Latvian (and some of the dialects), long vocalic sequences (of the same type as in Lithuanian) distinguish three varieties of pitch: 'even', 'falling', and 'broken' ('broken pitch' being a falling pitch with superadded glottalisation). They are fully differentiated in stressed syllables only: unstressed syllables have an opposition of glottalised and non-glottalised long vocalic segments. Segments with 'even' pitch are ultra long. Neither Lithuanian nor Latvian mark pitch in their standard orthography.
{{حوالہ کتاب}}: تحقق من التاريخ في:|accessdate=(معاونت) و|accessdate=میں 13 کی جگہ line feed character (معاونت)