^ ابپتFor the typical untrained native English speaker, Odia [t̪ t̪ʰ ʈ ʈʰ] are perceived as /t/; likewise, Odia [d̪ d̪ʱ ɖ ɖʱ] are all perceived as /d/. Odia [t̪ d̪] are pronounced like Spanish [t d], with the tongue touching the teeth, and [t̪ʰ d̪] are how an Odia speaker pronounces English /θ ð/ (as in think' and that). Odia [ʈ ɖ] are pronounced with the tongue further back, touching behind the teeth, and [ʈʰ ɖ] are how an Odia speaker pronounces English /t d/; [ʈ] is how an Odia speaker pronounces English t after s, as in stop.
