^ ابپتFor the typical untrained native English speaker, Odia [t̪t̪ʰʈʈʰ] are perceived as /t/; likewise, Odia [d̪d̪ʱɖɖʱ] are all perceived as /d/. Odia [t̪d̪] are pronounced like Spanish [td], with the tongue touching the teeth, and [t̪ʰd̪] are how an Odia speaker pronounces English /θð/ (as in think' and that). Odia [ʈɖ] are pronounced with the tongue further back, touching behind the teeth, and [ʈʰɖ] are how an Odia speaker pronounces English /td/; [ʈ] is how an Odia speaker pronounces English t after s, as in stop.
