معاونت:بین الاقوامی اصواتی ابجدیہ برائے پرتگیزی و گالیشی

بین الاقوامی اصواتی ابجدیہ برائے پرتگیزی و گالیشی (IPA for Portuguese and Galician)

IPA			حرف صحیحs
G	EP	BP	Examples	English approximation
b			besta; fábula (BP)	best
β	β	b	fábula (EP, G); placebo^[1]	between baby and bevy or best
β	v		cavalo; livre (P); libre (G)^[2]	vest or between baby and bevy
ð		d	fada; padre; rapadura^[1]	this or dice
ð			duradouro; seu dente	this or dice
d			dedo	dice
d		dʒ	cidade; digo^[3]	dice or engine
f			fase; café	face
ɡ		ɡ	gato; guerra	get
ɣ		ɡ	mágoa; magarefe	between go and ahold or get
ɣ		ɣ	trigo; amiga^[1]	between go and ahold
k			cores; laca; quente; kelvin	scan
l	l	l	lua; calor^[4]	lot
	l	ɫ	livro; lipídio; males^[5]	limp; fault (RP) or world (GA)
	ɫ	w	mal; principal^[5]^[4]	toll; tow or lot
Error using {{IPAsym}}: IPA symbol "ʎ̟" not found in list			velho (P); vello (G)^[6]	roughly like million
m			mesa; comer^[4]	almighty
n			nata; ano^[4]	not
ŋ			unha; inglesa; can; álbum (G)^[4]	sing
Error using {{IPAsym}}: IPA symbol "ɲ̟" not found in list			manhã (P); mañá (G)	roughly like canyon
p			peito; topo	spouse
r	ʁ	ʁ	raro; carro; enrascado^[7]^[8]	guttural r (P) or trilled r (G)
ɾ		ʁ	lar; morte; por favor^[7]^[8]^[9]	ladder in American English or guttural r
ɾ		ɾ	raro; caro; bravo; por acaso^[8]^[9]	ladder in American English
ʃ	ʒ	ʒ	já; gente (P); xa; xente (G)	rouge or shop
z	ʒ	z	rasgado; portas brancas	rouge or zebra
s	z		casa; existir; portas abertas	zebra or sack
θ	z		zona; azul	zebra or thought
	ʃ	s	dez; foz	sheep; sketch or bath
	s		cimeira; braço (P); brazo (G)	sack or thought
s	s		saco; máximo; isso (P); iso (G)	sack
s	ʃ		escola; mastro; portas fechadas	sheep or sketch
ʃ		ʃ	xarope; baixo	shop
tʃ		ʃ	chave; achar	shop or chop
tʃ	tʃ	tʃ	tchau	chop
t		tʃ	tipo; ponte^[3]	stand or cheese
t		t	tempo; átomo	stand
IPA			Marginal consonants
G	EP	BP	Examples	English approximation
		h	hot dog^[10]	house
ħ			ghato; trigho (G)^[11]	roughly like hook
x			kharxa^[12]	loch

IPA			Vowels
G	EP	BP	Examples	English approximation
a	a	a	taça; lá; às; Camões; alface	father
	ɐ	a	Laurêncio; Ajinomoto	about or father
		ɐ	taça; manhã; carapaça	aura; finger (RP) or father
		ɐ	cama; banho; câmera	purse (RP) or father
ɛ		ɛ	meta, sé	set
ɛ		e	incrível	set or play
e	e		meto; sê; acepção^[13]	play
	ɨ		semáforo^[14]	emission or play
	ɨ	i	pente; pequeno; se^[14]	emission; see or play
	i		meandro; e	see or play
i	i		si; dia; país	see
ɔ		ɔ	formosa; formosos; avó	ball (GA) ~ lot (RP)
ɔ		o	hospital	ball or sole (GA)
o	o		avô; oliveira	sole (GA) ~ sword (RP)
	u		sortudo	loop or sole (GA)
		u	boneco; voo; vi-o; frio^[15]	loop or sole (GA)
u		u	rua; saúde	loop
IPA			Nasal vowels
G	EP	BP	Examples	English approximation
	ɐ̃		canto; ângulo; âmbar; lã^[16]	uhn-huh (nasal /ɐ/)
	ẽ		cento; sempre; essência^[17]	nasal /e/
	ĩ		cinto; sim; ímpar	nasal /i/
	õ		conto; cônscio; bom; cômputo	nasal /o/
	ũ		fungo; algum; cúmplice	nasal /u/

IPA			Semivowels^[18]^[19]
G	EP	BP	Examples	English approximation
j			pais; saia; cães; corações	you or boy
w			quando; guarda; frequente; quão	wine or cow

IPA			Suprasegmentals
G	EP	BP	Examples	English approximation
ˈ			livre [ˈlivɾɨ] ~ [ˈlivɾi]	lexical stress
ˌ			contramão [ˌkõtɾɐˈmɐ̃w]	secondary stress
.			dia [ˈdi.ɐ] ~ [ˈdʒi.ɐ]	syllable break

حوالہ جات

^ ^ا ^ب ^پ In northern and central Portugal, /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ are lenited to fricatives of the same place of articulation ([β], [ð], and [ɣ], respectively) in all places except after a pause, or a nasal vowel, in which contexts they are stops [b, d, ɡ], not dissimilar from English b, d, g (Mateus & d'Andrade 2000:11). Most often, it only happens in southern and insular Portugal and in Brazil in some unstressed syllables, generally in relaxed speech, but this is by no means universal.
↑ In Galician and some rural northern accents of European Portuguese, /v/ has merged with the [b ~ β] set.
^ ^ا ^ب In most varieties of Brazilian Portuguese, /d, t/ are palatalized and affricated to post-alveolar (generally alveolo-palatal, but not thus represented here) [dʒ, tʃ] before high front vowels /i, ĩ/.
^ ^ا ^ب ^پ ^ت ^ٹ In Galician, nasal and lateral consonants only contrast before vowels. Before consonants, they assimilate to the consonant's place of articulation. In word-final position, only /ŋ/ and /l/ occur.
^ ^ا ^ب In most Brazilian dialects, and in standard Brazilian speech, /l/ is strongly velarized or pharyngealized before /i, ĩ/. In European Portuguese, syllable-final /l/ is usually velarized [ɫ] much like with 'sold' for many English speakers. For most Brazilians, it has been vocalized to [w] before consonants and at the end of words. In traditional Galician, syllable-final /l/ was also velarized; but nowadays it has been widely replaced by a clear l [l] in most dialects.
↑ In some Galician dialects /ʎ/ has merged with [j]. Minor yeísmo-like merger is also present in some dialects of Brazilian Portuguese, specially the caipira one.
^ ^ا ^ب The rhotic consonant represented as /ʁ/ has considerable variation across different variants, being pronounced as [x], [h], [χ], [ʁ], etc., in Brazil; as [ʁ], [ʀ], [r], etc., in Portugal; and as [r] in Galicia. See also Guttural R in Portuguese.
^ ^ا ^ب ^پ The rhotic consonants /ɾ/ ‹r› and /ʁ/ ‹rr› only contrast between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution as ‹r›, with /ʁ/ occurring word-initially, after ‹l›, ‹n›, and ‹s› and in compounds; /ɾ/ is found elsewhere.
^ ^ا ^ب The realization of syllable-final ‹r› varies amongst dialects; it is generally pronounced as an alveolar tap [ɾ] in European Portuguese, Galician and some Brazilian dialects (e.g. Rio Grande do Sul state and São Paulo city), as a coronal approximant ([ɹ] or [ɻ]) in various other Brazilian dialects, and as a guttural R in all others (e.g. Rio de Janeiro city, the overwhelmingly majority from the Northeast). Additionally, in some Brazilian Portuguese dialects, word-final ‹r› may be weakened to complete elision in infinitives; e.g. ficar [fiˈka] (note word final ‹r› is pronounced —though as a tap [ɾ]— only if it is followed by a vowel sound in the same phrase or prosodic unit: ficar ao léu [fiˈkaɾ aw ˈlɛw]).
↑ Present in loanwords from English. In some Brazilian dialects, it is also the phonetic realization of /ʁ/.
↑ In some Galician dialects /ɡ/ is spirantized to [ħ] or [h] in a phonological process known as gheada.
↑ In Galician, /x/ may be used in loanwords, foreign names and hispanicized names; like kharxa, Araújo (instead of Araúxo, pron. with [ʃ]) and Fagilde or Fajilde (instead of Faxilde, pron. with [ʃ]).
↑ In the dialect of Lisbon, /e/ merges with /ɐ/ when it comes before palatal sounds (e.g. abelha, venho, jeito).
^ ^ا ^ب In European Portuguese the IPA symbol /ɨ/ denotes a near-close near-back unrounded vowel.
↑ Some of the post-stressed high vowels in hiatuses, as in frio ('cold') and rio ('river'), may vary between a reduced vowel [ˈfɾi.u] and a glide [ˈfɾiw], exceptions are verbal conjugations, forming pairs like eu rio [ˈew ˈʁi.u] (I laugh) and ele riu [ˈelɨ ˈʁiw] (he laughed).
↑ In Portuguese, word final /ɐ̃/ may diphthongize to [ɐ̃w] (note this realization occurs exclusively in verbal forms spelled with final -am: namoram, falam, ruiram).
↑ In Portuguese, word final /ẽ/ diphthongizes to [ẽj] (e.g. sem, também, nuvens). In many European Portuguese dialects (especially central and southern varieties) it has become [ɐ̃j]: sem [ˈsɐ̃j]
↑ The semivowels [w] and [j], allophones of vowels /u/ and /i/, can be combined with most vowels to form diphthongs and triphthongs. This includes nasal diphthongs such as [ɐ̃j] and [ɐ̃w], and nasal triphthongs such as [wɐ̃w] and [wõj].
↑ Sometimes, Portuguese will present "geminated" semivowels, more accurately each pair being separated to one's own syllable, with the first phone occurring as coda and the second occurring as onset. Examples of such pronunciations are saia and leio for [j.j] and doe or pessoa for [w.w]. They should be transcribed as such.

[Lenition-1] ا ^ب ^پ In northern and central Portugal, /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ are lenited to fricatives of the same place of articulation ([β], [ð], and [ɣ], respectively) in all places except after a pause, or a nasal vowel, in which contexts they are stops [b, d, ɡ], not dissimilar from English b, d, g (Mateus & d'Andrade 2000:11). Most often, it only happens in southern and insular Portugal and in Brazil in some unstressed syllables, generally in relaxed speech, but this is by no means universal.

[Betacism-2] In Galician and some rural northern accents of European Portuguese, /v/ has merged with the [b ~ β] set.

[affrication-3] ا ^ب In most varieties of Brazilian Portuguese, /d, t/ are palatalized and affricated to post-alveolar (generally alveolo-palatal, but not thus represented here) [dʒ, tʃ] before high front vowels /i, ĩ/.

[nasal&lateral_assimilations-4] ا ^ب ^پ ^ت ^ٹ In Galician, nasal and lateral consonants only contrast before vowels. Before consonants, they assimilate to the consonant's place of articulation. In word-final position, only /ŋ/ and /l/ occur.

[darkl-5] ا ^ب In most Brazilian dialects, and in standard Brazilian speech, /l/ is strongly velarized or pharyngealized before /i, ĩ/. In European Portuguese, syllable-final /l/ is usually velarized [ɫ] much like with 'sold' for many English speakers. For most Brazilians, it has been vocalized to [w] before consonants and at the end of words. In traditional Galician, syllable-final /l/ was also velarized; but nowadays it has been widely replaced by a clear l [l] in most dialects.

[6] In some Galician dialects /ʎ/ has merged with [j]. Minor yeísmo-like merger is also present in some dialects of Brazilian Portuguese, specially the caipira one.

[guttural_r-7] ا ^ب The rhotic consonant represented as /ʁ/ has considerable variation across different variants, being pronounced as [x], [h], [χ], [ʁ], etc., in Brazil; as [ʁ], [ʀ], [r], etc., in Portugal; and as [r] in Galicia. See also Guttural R in Portuguese.

[rhotics-8] ا ^ب ^پ The rhotic consonants /ɾ/ ‹r› and /ʁ/ ‹rr› only contrast between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution as ‹r›, with /ʁ/ occurring word-initially, after ‹l›, ‹n›, and ‹s› and in compounds; /ɾ/ is found elsewhere.

[final_r-9] ا ^ب The realization of syllable-final ‹r› varies amongst dialects; it is generally pronounced as an alveolar tap [ɾ] in European Portuguese, Galician and some Brazilian dialects (e.g. Rio Grande do Sul state and São Paulo city), as a coronal approximant ([ɹ] or [ɻ]) in various other Brazilian dialects, and as a guttural R in all others (e.g. Rio de Janeiro city, the overwhelmingly majority from the Northeast). Additionally, in some Brazilian Portuguese dialects, word-final ‹r› may be weakened to complete elision in infinitives; e.g. ficar [fiˈka] (note word final ‹r› is pronounced —though as a tap [ɾ]— only if it is followed by a vowel sound in the same phrase or prosodic unit: ficar ao léu [fiˈkaɾ aw ˈlɛw]).

[10] Present in loanwords from English. In some Brazilian dialects, it is also the phonetic realization of /ʁ/.

[11] In some Galician dialects /ɡ/ is spirantized to [ħ] or [h] in a phonological process known as gheada.

[12] In Galician, /x/ may be used in loanwords, foreign names and hispanicized names; like kharxa, Araújo (instead of Araúxo, pron. with [ʃ]) and Fagilde or Fajilde (instead of Faxilde, pron. with [ʃ]).

[13] In the dialect of Lisbon, /e/ merges with /ɐ/ when it comes before palatal sounds (e.g. abelha, venho, jeito).

[unstressed_e-14] ا ^ب In European Portuguese the IPA symbol /ɨ/ denotes a near-close near-back unrounded vowel.

[15] Some of the post-stressed high vowels in hiatuses, as in frio ('cold') and rio ('river'), may vary between a reduced vowel [ˈfɾi.u] and a glide [ˈfɾiw], exceptions are verbal conjugations, forming pairs like eu rio [ˈew ˈʁi.u] (I laugh) and ele riu [ˈelɨ ˈʁiw] (he laughed).

[16] In Portuguese, word final /ɐ̃/ may diphthongize to [ɐ̃w] (note this realization occurs exclusively in verbal forms spelled with final -am: namoram, falam, ruiram).

[17] In Portuguese, word final /ẽ/ diphthongizes to [ẽj] (e.g. sem, também, nuvens). In many European Portuguese dialects (especially central and southern varieties) it has become [ɐ̃j]: sem [ˈsɐ̃j]

[Semivowel-18] The semivowels [w] and [j], allophones of vowels /u/ and /i/, can be combined with most vowels to form diphthongs and triphthongs. This includes nasal diphthongs such as [ɐ̃j] and [ɐ̃w], and nasal triphthongs such as [wɐ̃w] and [wõj].

[19] Sometimes, Portuguese will present "geminated" semivowels, more accurately each pair being separated to one's own syllable, with the first phone occurring as coda and the second occurring as onset. Examples of such pronunciations are saia and leio for [j.j] and doe or pessoa for [w.w]. They should be transcribed as such.

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