سانچہ:English to urdu wikipedia
Africa[ترمیم]
- الجزائر
- President – عبدالعزیز بوتفلیقه, رئیسجمهور الجزایر (1999–present)
- Prime Minister – عبدالمالک سلال, Prime Minister of Algeria (2014–present)
- انگولا
- President – ژوزه ادوآردو دوس سانتوس, President of Angola (1979–present)
- بینن
- President – یایی بونی, President of Benin (2006–present)
- Prime Minister – Lionel Zinsou, Prime Minister of Benin (2015–present)
- بوٹسوانا
- President – یان خاما, President of Botswana (2008–present)
- برکینا فاسو
- President – راک مارک کریستین کابوره, President of Burkina Faso (2015–present)
- Prime Minister – Paul Kaba Thieba, Prime Minister of Burkina Faso (2016–present)
- برونڈی
- President – پیر انکورونزیزا, President of Burundi (2005–present)
- کیمرون
- President – پل بیا, رئیسجمهور کامرون (1982–present)
- Prime Minister – Philémon Yang, Prime Minister of Cameroon (2009–present)
- کیپ ورڈی
- President – خورخه کارلوس فونسکا, President of Cape Verde (2011–present)
- Prime Minister – José Maria Neves, Prime Minister of Cape Verde (2001–present)
- وسطی افریقی جمہوریہ
- Head of State – Catherine Samba-Panza, Head of State of the Transition of the Central African Republic (2014–present)
- Prime Minister – Mahamat Kamoun, Prime Minister of the Central African Republic (2014–present)
- چاڈ
- President – ادریس دبی, President of Chad (1990–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Kalzeubet Pahimi Deubet, Prime Minister of Chad (2013–2016)
- Albert Pahimi Padacké, Prime Minister of Chad (2016–present)
- اتحاد القمری
- President – اکیلیلو دونین, President of the Comoros (2011–present)
- جمہوریہ کانگو
- President – دنیس ساسو نگسو, President of the Republic of the Congo (1997–present)
- جمہوری جمہوریہ کانگو
- President – ژوزف کابیلا, President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2001–present)
- Prime Minister – Augustin Matata Ponyo, Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2012–present)
- جبوتی
- President – اسماعیل عمر غیله, President of Djibouti (1999–present)
- Prime Minister – Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed, Prime Minister of Djibouti (2013–present)
- مصر
- President – عبدالفتاح سیسی, رئیسجمهور مصر (2014–present)
- Prime Minister – شریف اسماعیل, Prime Minister of Egypt (2015–present)
- استوائی گنی
- President – تئودور اوبیانگ انگوئما, President of Equatorial Guinea (1979–present)
- Prime Minister – Vicente Ehate Tomi, Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea (2012–present)
- اریتریا
- President – ایسایاس آفورکی, President of Eritrea (1991–present) [ا]
- ایتھوپیا
- President – مولاتو تشومه, President of Ethiopia (2013–present)
- Prime Minister – هایله مریم دسالین, Prime Minister of Ethiopia (2012–present)
- گیبون
- President – علی بونگو, President of Gabon (2009–present)
- Prime Minister – Daniel Ona Ondo, Prime Minister of Gabon (2014–present)
- گیمبیا
- President – یحیی جامع, President of the Gambia (1994–present)
- گھانا
- President – جان درامانی ماهاما, President of Ghana (2012–present)
- جمہوریہ گنی
- President – آلفا کنده, فهرست رئیسجمهورهای گینه (2010–present)
- Prime Minister – Mamady Youla, Prime Minister of Guinea (2015–present)
- گنی بساؤ
- President – José Mário Vaz, President of Guinea-Bissau (2014–present)
- Prime Minister – Carlos Correia, Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau (2015–present)
- آئیوری کوسٹ
- President – آلاسان واتارا, President of the Ivory Coast (2010–present)
- Prime Minister – Daniel Kablan Duncan, Prime Minister of the Ivory Coast (2012–present)
- کینیا
- President – اوهورو کنیاتا, President of Kenya (2013–present)
- لیسوتھو
- Monarch – Letsie III, King of Lesotho (1996–present)
- Prime Minister – Pakalitha Mosisili, Prime Minister of Lesotho (2015–present)
- لائبیریا
- President – الن جانسون سیرلیف, President of Liberia (2006–present)
- لیبیا
- Head of State –
- Nouri Abusahmain, Chairman of the New General National Congress of Libya (2013–2014; co-claimant, 2014–present)
- Aguila Saleh Issa, Chairman of the House of Representatives of Libya (co-claimant, 2014–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Abdullah al-Thani, Prime Minister of Libya (co-claimant, 2014–present)
- Khalifa al-Ghawi, Acting Prime Minister of Libya (co-claimant, 2015–present)
- Head of State –
- مڈغاسکر
- President – هری راجائوناریمامپیانینا, President of Madagascar (2014–present)
- Prime Minister – Jean Ravelonarivo, Prime Minister of Madagascar (2015–present)
- ملاوی
- President – پیتر موتاریکا, President of Malawi (2014–present)
- مالی
- President – ابراهیم ابوبکر کیتا, President of Mali (2013–present)
- Prime Minister – Modibo Keita, Prime Minister of Mali (2015–present)
- موریتانیہ
- President – محمد ولد عبدالعزیز, President of Mauritania (2009–present)
- Prime Minister – Yahya Ould Hademine, Prime Minister of Mauritania (2014–present)
- موریشس
- President – Ameenah Gurib, President of Mauritius (2015–present)
- Prime Minister – Sir Anerood Jugnauth, Prime Minister of Mauritius (2014–present)
- المغرب
- Monarch – محمد ششم (مراکش), King of Morocco (1999–present)
- Prime Minister – عبدالاله بن کیران, Head of Government of Morocco (2011–present)
- صحراوی عرب عوامی جمہوریہ (self-declared, partially recognised state)
- President – Mohamed Abdelaziz, President of Western Sahara (1976–present)
- Prime Minister – Abdelkader Taleb Omar, Prime Minister of Western Sahara (2003–present)
- موزمبیق
- President – Filipe Nyusi, President of Mozambique (2015–present)
- Prime Minister – Carlos Agostinho do Rosário, Prime Minister of Mozambique (2015–present)
- نمیبیا
- President – هاگه گینگوب, President of Namibia (2015–present)
- Prime Minister – Saara Kuugongelwa, Prime Minister of Namibia (2015–present)
- نائجر
- President – محمدو ایسوفو, President of Niger (2011–present)
- Prime Minister – Brigi Rafini, Prime Minister of Niger (2011–present)
- نائجیریا
- President – محمدو بوهاری, President of Nigeria (2015–present)
- روانڈا
- President – پل کاگامه, President of Rwanda (2000–present)
- Prime Minister – Anastase Murekezi, Prime Minister of Rwanda (2014–present)
- سینٹ ہلینا، اسینشن و ترسٹان دا کونیا (سرزمینهای فرادریایی بریتانیا of the بریتانیا)
- Governor – Mark Andrew Capes, Governor of Saint Helena (2011–present)
- ساؤٹوم
- President – مانوئل پینتو دا کوستا, President of São Tomé and Príncipe (2011–present)
- Prime Minister – پاتریس ترووآدا, Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe (2014–present)
- سینیگال
- President – مکی سال, President of Senegal (2012–present)
- Prime Minister – Mohammed Dionne, Prime Minister of Senegal (2014–present)
- سیشیلز
- President – جیمز میشل, President of Seychelles (2004–present)
- سیرالیون
- President – ارنست بای کوروما, President of Sierra Leone (2007–present)
- صومالیہ
- President – حسن شیخ محمود, President of Somalia (2012–present)
- Prime Minister – Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke, Prime Minister of Somalia (2014–present)
- صومالی لینڈ (unrecognised, secessionist state)
- President – Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud, President of Somaliland (2010–present)
- بنط لینڈ (self-declared autonomous state)
- President – Abdiweli Mohamed Ali, President of Puntland (2014–present)
- جنوبی افریقا
- President – جاکوب زوما, رئیسجمهور آفریقای جنوبی (2009–present)
- جنوبی سوڈان
- President – سالوا کیر مایاردیت, President of South Sudan (2005–present) [ب]
- سوڈان
- President – عمر حسن البشیر, President of Sudan (1989–present)
- سوازی لینڈ
- Monarch – مسواتی سوم, King of Swaziland (1986–present)
- Prime Minister – بارناباس سیبوسیزو دلامینی, Prime Minister of Swaziland (2008–present)
- تنزانیہ
- President – John Magufuli, President of Tanzania (2015–present)
- Prime Minister – Kassim Majaliwa, Prime Minister of Tanzania (2015–present)
- ٹوگو
- President – فاوره گناسینگبه, President of Togo (2005–present)
- Prime Minister – Komi Sélom Klassou, Prime Minister of Togo (2015–present)
- تونس
- President – محمد باجی قائد سبسی, President of Tunisia (2014–present)
- Prime Minister – Habib Essid, Head of Government of Tunisia (2015–present)
- یوگنڈا
- President – یوری موسونی, President of Uganda (1986–present)
- Prime Minister – Ruhakana Rugunda, Prime Minister of Uganda (2014–present)
- زیمبیا
- President – Edgar Lungu, President of Zambia (2015–present)
- زمبابوے
- President – رابرت موگابه, President of Zimbabwe (1987–present)
Asia[ترمیم]
- افغانستان
- President – محمداشرف غنی, رئیسجمهور افغانستان (2014–present)
- Prime Minister – عبدالله عبدالله, Chief Executive Officer of Afghanistan (2014–present)
- بحرین
- Monarch – Sheikh حمد بن عیسی آلخلیفه, King of Bahrain (1999–present)
- Prime Minister – Prince خلیفه بن سلمان آل خلیفه, Prime Minister of Bahrain (1970–present) [پ]
- بنگلادیش
- President – Abdul Hamid, President of Bangladesh (2013–present)
- Prime Minister – شیخ حسینه, Prime Minister of Bangladesh (2009–present)
- بھوٹان
- Monarch – جیگمی خسار نامگیال وانگچوک, King of Bhutan (2006–present)
- Prime Minister – تشرینگ توبگای, Prime Minister of Bhutan (2013–present)
- برونائی دارالسلام
- Monarch – حسن البلقیه, Sultan of Brunei (1967–present) [ت]
- Prime Minister – حسن البلقیه, Prime Minister of Brunei (1984–present)
- کمبوڈیا
- Monarch – نوردوم سیهامونی, King of Cambodia (2004–present)
- Prime Minister – هون سن, Prime Minister of Cambodia (1985–present) [ٹ]
- چین
- Communist Party Leader – شی جین پینگ, دبیر کل حزب کمونیست چین (2012–present)
- President – شی جین پینگ, رئیسجمهور جمهوری خلق چین (2013–present)
- Premier – لی که چیانگ, وزیر اعظم چین (2013–present)
- مشرقی تیمور
- President – تائور ماتان رواک, President of East Timor (2012–present)
- Prime Minister – Rui Maria de Araújo, Prime Minister of East Timor (2015–present)
- بھارت
- President – پراناب موکرجی, President of India (2012–present)
- Prime Minister – نارندرا مودی, وزیراعظم بھارت (2014–present)
- انڈونیشیا
- President – جوکو ویدودو, رئیس جمهور اندونزی (2014–present)
- ایران
- Supreme Leader – Ayatollah سید علی خامنهای, رهبر ایران (1989–present)
- President – حسن روحانی, رئیسجمهور ایران (2013–present)
- عراق
- President – فؤاد معصوم, رئیسجمهور عراق (2014–present)
- Prime Minister – حیدر عبادی, وزیر اعظم عراق (2014–present)
- اسرائیل
- President – رووین ریولین, President of Israel (2014–present)
- Prime Minister – بنیامین نتانیاهو, Prime Minister of Israel (2009–present)
- فلسطینی قومی عملداری (به رسمیت شناخته شدن دولت فلسطین)
- President – محمود عباس, President of the Palestinian National Authority (2005–present)
- Prime Minister – رامی حمدالله, فہرست وزرائے اعظم فلسطین (2013–present)
- جاپان
- Monarch – آکیهیتو, امپراتور ژاپن (1989–present)
- Prime Minister – شینزو آبه, وزیر اعظم جاپان (2012–present)
- اردن
- Monarch – عبدالله دوم, فهرست شاهان اردن (1999–present)
- Prime Minister – Abdullah Ensour, Prime Minister of Jordan (2012–present)
- قازقستان
- President – نورسلطان نظربایف, President of Kazakhstan (1990–present) [ث]
- Prime Minister – Karim Massimov, Prime Minister of Kazakhstan (2014–present)
- شمالی کوریا
- Communist Party Leader – کیم جونگ-اون, First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea (2012–present)
- De facto Head of State – کیم جونگ-اون, First Chairman of the National Defence Commission of North Korea [ج] (2011–present)
- De jure Head of State – کیم یونگ-نام, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly of North Korea (1998–present)
- Premier – Pak Pong-ju, Premier of the Cabinet of North Korea (2013–present)
- جنوبی کوریا
- President – پارک گون-های, رئیسجمهور کره جنوبی (2013–present)
- Prime Minister – Hwang Kyo-ahn, Prime Minister of South Korea (2015–present)
- کویت
- Monarch – Sheikh صباح احمد جابر صباح, Emir of Kuwait (2006–present)
- Prime Minister – Sheikh جابر مبارک الحمد الصباح, فهرست نخستوزیران کویت (2011–present)
- کرغیزستان
- President – الماسبیگ آتامبایف, President of Kyrgyzstan (2011–present)
- Prime Minister – Temir Sariyev, Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan (2015–present)
- لاؤس
- Communist Party Leader –
- President – چومالی سایاسونه, President of Laos (2006–present)
- Prime Minister –Thongsing Thammavong, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Laos (2010–present)
- لبنان
- President – تمام سلام, Acting President of Lebanon (2014–present)
- Prime Minister – تمام سلام, فهرست نخستوزیران لبنان (2014–present)
- ملائیشیا
- Monarch – Tuanku عبدالحلیم معظم شاه, یانگ دیپرتوان آگونگ (2011–present)
- Prime Minister – نجیب تون رزاق, نخست وزیر مالزی (2009–present)
- مالدیپ
- President – عبدالله یمین, President of the Maldives (2013–present)
- منگولیا
- President – تساخیاگین البگدورج, President of Mongolia (2009–present)
- Prime Minister – Chimediin Saikhanbileg, Prime Minister of Mongolia (2014–present)
- میانمار
- President – تین سین, President of Myanmar (2011–present)
- نیپال
- President – بیدیا دوی بانداری, President of Nepal (2015–present)
- Prime Minister – کھڑگا پرساد اولی, Prime Minister of Nepal (2015–present)
- سلطنت عمان
- Monarch – قابوس بن سعید, Sultan of Oman (1970–present)
- Prime Minister – قابوس بن سعید, Prime Minister of Oman (1972–present)
- پاکستان
- President – ممنون حسین, President of Pakistan (2013–present)
- Prime Minister – نواز شریف, Prime Minister of Pakistan (2013–present)
- فلپائن
- President – بنیگنو آکینو, President of the Philippines (2010–present)
- قطر
- Monarch – Sheikh تمیم بن حمد بن خلیفه آل ثانی, Emir of Qatar (2013–present)
- Prime Minister – Sheikh عبدالله بن ناصر آل ثانی, Prime Minister of Qatar (2013–present)
- سعودی عرب
- Monarch – سلمان بن عبدالعزیز آل سعود, King of Saudi Arabia (2015–present)
- Prime Minister – سلمان بن عبدالعزیز آل سعود, نخست وزیر عربستان سعودی (2015–present)
- سنگاپور
- President – تونی تن, President of Singapore (2011–present)
- Prime Minister – لی هسین لونگ, Prime Minister of Singapore (2004–present)
- سری لنکا
- President – مائتری پالا سری سینا, President of Sri Lanka (2015–present)
- Prime Minister – رانیل ویکرماسینگه, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (2015–present)
- Syria
- سوریہ
- President – بشار اسد, رئیس جمهور سوریه (2000–present)
- Prime Minister – وائل نادر حلقی, Prime Minister of Syria (2012–present)
- سوری حزب اختلاف (partially recognised, دولت انتقالی سوریه)
- President –
- Khaled Khoja, ائتلاف ملی برای انقلاب و نیروهای مخالفین سوریه (2015–2016)
- Anas al-Abdah, ائتلاف ملی برای انقلاب و نیروهای مخالفین سوریه (2016–present)
- Prime Minister – احمد طعمه, ائتلاف ملی برای انقلاب و نیروهای مخالفین سوریه (2014–present)
- President –
- سوریہ
- تائیوان
- President – مااینگ جیو, President of Taiwan (2008–present)
- Premier –
- Mao Chi-kuo, President of the Executive Yuan of Taiwan (2014–2016)
- Chang San-cheng, President of the Executive Yuan of Taiwan (2016–present)
- تاجکستان
- President – امامعلی رحمان, رئیسجمهور تاجیکستان (1992–present)
- Prime Minister – قاهر رسولزاده, Prime Minister of Tajikistan (2013–present)
- تھائی لینڈ
- Monarch – بهومیبول آدولیادج, King of Thailand (1946–present)
- Prime Minister – پرایوت چان او چا, Prime Minister of Thailand (2014–present)
- ترکیہ
- President – رجب طیب اردوغان, رئیسجمهور ترکیه (2014–present)
- Prime Minister – احمد داووداغلو, Prime Minister of Turkey (2014–present)
- ترکمانستان
- President – قربانقلی بردیمحمدف, President of Turkmenistan (2006–present)
- متحدہ عرب امارات
- President – Sheikh خلیفه بن زاید آل نهیان, رییس امارات متحده عربی (2004–present)
- Prime Minister – Sheikh محمد بن راشد آل مکتوم, Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates (2006–present)
- ازبکستان
- President – اسلام کریموف, President of Uzbekistan (1990–present) [چ]
- Prime Minister – شوکت میرضیایف, Prime Minister of Uzbekistan (2003–present)
- ویت نام
- Communist Party Leader – Nguyễn Phú Trọng, دبیرکل حزب کمونیست ویتنام (2011–present)
- President – ترونگ تان سانگ, President of Vietnam (2011–present)
- Prime Minister – Nguyễn Tấn Dũng, Prime Minister of Vietnam (2006–present)
- Yemen
- یمن
- President – عبدربه منصور هادی, رئیسجمهور یمن (2012–present)
- Prime Minister – Khaled Mahfoudh Bahah, Prime Minister of Yemen (2014–present)
- Revolutionary Committee of Yemen (unrecognised, مجلس انقلابی یمن)
- Head of State – محمد علی حوثی, President of the Revolutionary Committee of Yemen (2015–present)
- یمن
Europe[ترمیم]
- البانیا
- President – بوجار نیشانی, President of Albania (2012–present)
- Prime Minister – ادی راما, Prime Minister of Albania (2013–present)
- انڈورا
- Monarchs –
- French Co-Prince – فرانسوا اولاند, French Co-prince of Andorra (2012–present)
- Co-Prince's Representative – Thierry Lataste (2015–present)
- Episcopal Co-Prince – Archbishop ژوان انریک ویویس سیسیلیا, Episcopal Co-prince of Andorra (2003–present)
- Co-Prince's Representative – Josep Maria Mauri (2012–present)
- French Co-Prince – فرانسوا اولاند, French Co-prince of Andorra (2012–present)
- Prime Minister – Antoni Martí, Head of Government of Andorra (2015–present)
- Monarchs –
- آرمینیا
- President – سرژ سرکیسیان, رئیسجمهور ارمنستان (2008–present)
- Prime Minister – هوویک آبراهامیان, نخستوزیر ارمنستان (2014–present)
- آسٹریا
- President – هاینتس فیشر, Federal President of Austria (2004–present)
- Chancellor – ورنر فایمان, Federal Chancellor of Austria (2008–present)
- آذربائیجان
- President – الهام علیاف, رئیسجمهور جمهوری آذربایجان (2003–present)
- Prime Minister – آرتور راسیزاده, Prime Minister of Azerbaijan (2003–present)
- جمہوریہ نگورنو کاراباخ (unrecognised, secessionist state)
- President – باکو ساهاکیان, President of Nagorno-Karabakh (2007–present)
- Prime Minister – آرائیک هاروتیونیان, Prime Minister of Nagorno-Karabakh (2007–present)
- بیلاروس
- President – الکساندر لوکاشنکو, رئیس جمهور بلاروس (1994–present)
- Prime Minister – Andrei Kobyakov, Prime Minister of Belarus (2014–present)
- بلجئیم
- Monarch – فیلیپ بلژیک, King of the Belgians (2013–present)
- Prime Minister – Charles Michel, Prime Minister of Belgium (2014–present)
- بوسنیا و ہرزیگووینا
- Head of State – ریاست جمهوری بوسنی و هرزگوین
- Croat Member – Dragan Čović (2014–present; Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2015–present)
- Bosniak Member – Bakir Izetbegović (2010–present)
- Serb Member – Mladen Ivanić (2014–present)
- Prime Minister – Denis Zvizdić, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2015–present)
- High Representative – Valentin Inzko, High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina (2009–present)
- Head of State – ریاست جمهوری بوسنی و هرزگوین
- بلغاریہ
- President – روسن پلونلیف, President of Bulgaria (2012–present)
- Prime Minister – بویکو بوریسوف, Prime Minister of Bulgaria (2014–present)
- کرویئشا
- President – کولیندا گرابار-کیتاروویچ, President of Croatia (2015–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Zoran Milanović, Prime Minister of Croatia (2011–2016)
- Tihomir Orešković, Prime Minister of Croatia (2016–present)
- قبرص
- President – نیکوس آناستاسیادس, رئیسجمهور قبرس (2013–present)
- ترک جمہوریہ شمالی قبرص (unrecognised, secessionist state)
- President – Mustafa Akıncı, President of Northern Cyprus (2015–present)
- Prime Minister – Ömer Kalyoncu, Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus (2015–present)
- چیک جمہوریہ
- President – میلوش زمان, President of the Czech Republic (2013–present)
- Prime Minister – Bohuslav Sobotka, Prime Minister of the Czech Republic (2014–present)
- ڈنمارک
- Monarch – مارگریت دوم دانمارک, Queen of Denmark (1972–present)
- Prime Minister – لارس لوکه راسموسن, Prime Minister of Denmark (2015–present)
- استونیا
- President – توماس هندریک ایلوس, رئیسجمهور استونی (2006–present)
- Prime Minister – تاوی رویواس, نخستوزیر استونی (2014–present)
- فن لینڈ
- President – سائولی نینیسته, President of Finland (2012–present)
- Prime Minister – Juha Sipilä, Prime Minister of Finland (2015–present)
- فرانس
- President – فرانسوا اولاند, رئیسجمهور فرانسه (2012–present)
- Prime Minister – مانوئل والس, Prime Minister of France (2014–present)
- جارجیا
- President – گیورگی مارگولاشویلی, رییسجمهور گرجستان (2013–present)
- Prime Minister – Giorgi Kvirikashvili, Prime Minister of Georgia (2015–present)
- ابخازيا (partially recognised, secessionist state)
- President – Raul Khajimba, President of Abkhazia (2014–present)
- Prime Minister – Artur Mikvabia, Prime Minister of Abkhazia (2015–present)
- جنوبی اوسیشیا (partially recognised, secessionist state)
- President – Leonid Tibilov, President of South Ossetia (2012–present)
- Prime Minister – Domenty Kulumbegov, Prime Minister of South Ossetia (2014–present)
- جرمنی
- President – یوآخیم گاوک, رئیسجمهور آلمان (2012–present)
- Chancellor – آنگلا مرکل, Federal Chancellor of Germany (2005–present)
- یونان
- President – پروکوپیس پاولوپولوس, President of Greece (2015–present)
- Prime Minister – آلکسیس سیپراس, Prime Minister of Greece (2015–present)
- مجارستان
- President – یانوش آدر, President of Hungary (2012–present)
- Prime Minister – ویکتور اربان, Prime Minister of Hungary (2010–present)
- آئس لینڈ
- President – اولافور راگنار گریمسون, President of Iceland (1996–present)
- Prime Minister – Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson, Prime Minister of Iceland (2013–present)
- جمہوریہ آئرلینڈ
- President – مایکل دی هیگینز, صدر آئرلینڈ (2011–present)
- Prime Minister – اندا کنی, تیشخ (2011–present)
- اطالیہ
- President – سرجیو ماتارلا, President of Italy (2015–present)
- Prime Minister – ماتئو رنتسی, نخستوزیر ایتالیا (2014–present)
- لٹویا
- President – Raimonds Vējonis, President of Latvia (2015–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Laimdota Straujuma, Prime Minister of Latvia (2014–2016)
- ماریس کوچینسکیس, Prime Minister of Latvia (2016–present)
- لیختینستائن
- Monarch – هانس ادام دوم, Prince of Liechtenstein (1989–present)
- Regent – Hereditary Prince Alois, Regent of Liechtenstein (2004–present)
- Prime Minister – Adrian Hasler, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (2013–present)
- لتھووینیا
- President – دالیا گریبائوسکایته, President of Lithuania (2009–present)
- Prime Minister – آلگیرداس بوتکویسیوس, Prime Minister of Lithuania (2012–present)
- لکسمبرگ
- Monarch – آنری، دوک اعظم لوگزامبورگ, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (2000–present)
- Prime Minister – اگزاویه بتل, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (2013–present)
- جمہوریہ مقدونیہ
- President – گیورگه ایوانف, President of Macedonia (2009–present)
- Prime Minister –
- نیکولا گرویفسکی, President of the Government of Macedonia (2006–2016)
- Emil Dimitriev, President of the Government of Macedonia (2016–present)
- مالٹا
- President – Marie Louise Coleiro Preca, President of Malta (2014–present)
- Prime Minister – جوزف موسکات, Prime Minister of Malta (2013–present)
- مالدووا
- President – نیکلای تیموفتی, President of Moldova (2012–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Gheorghe Brega, Acting Prime Minister of Moldova (2015–2016)
- Pavel Filip, Prime Minister of Moldova (2016–present)
- ٹرینسنیسٹریا (unrecognised, secessionist state)
- President – Yevgeny Shevchuk, President of Transnistria (2011–present)
- Prime Minister – Pavel Prokudin, Prime Minister of Transnistria (2015–present)
- موناکو
- Monarch – آلبرت دوم, Prince of Monaco (2005–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Gilles Tonelli, Acting Minister of State of Monaco (2015–2016)
- Serge Telle, Minister of State of Monaco (2016–present)
- مونٹینیگرو
- President – فیلیپ وویانویچ, President of Montenegro (2003–present) [ح]
- Prime Minister – میلو جوکانوویچ, Prime Minister of Montenegro (2012–present)
- مملکت نیدرلینڈز
- Monarch – ویلم-الکساندر, King of the Netherlands (2013–present)
- نیدرلینڈز (constituent country of the پادشاهی هلند)
- Prime Minister – مارک روته, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (2010–present)
- اروبا (constituent country of the پادشاهی هلند)
- see under North America
- کیوراساؤ (constituent country of the پادشاهی هلند)
- see under North America
- سنٹ مارٹن (نیدرلینڈز) (constituent country of the پادشاهی هلند)
- see under North America
- ناروے
- Monarch – هارالد پنجم نروژ, King of Norway (1991–present)
- Prime Minister – ارنا سلبرگ, Prime Minister of Norway (2013–present)
- پولینڈ
- President – آندژی دودا, رئیسجمهور لهستان (2015–present)
- Prime Minister – بئاتا شدوو, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Poland (2015–present)
- پرتگال
- President –
- آنیبال کاواکو سیلوا, رئیسجمهور پرتغال (2006–2016)
- Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, رئیسجمهور پرتغال (2016–present)
- Prime Minister – António Costa, Prime Minister of Portugal (2015–present)
- President –
- رومانیہ
- President – کلاوس یوهانیس, President of Romania (2014–present)
- Prime Minister – Dacian Cioloș, Prime Minister of Romania (2015–present)
- روس
- President – ولادیمیر پوتین, فهرست رؤسای جمهور فدراسیون روسیه (2012–present)
- Prime Minister – دمیتری مدودف, Chairman of the Government of Russia (2012–present)
- سان مارینو
- Captains-Regent – Lorella Stefanelli and Nicola Renzi, Captains Regent of San Marino (2015–present)
- سربیا
- President – تومیسلاو نیکولیچ, President of Serbia (2012–present)
- Prime Minister – Aleksandar Vučić, Prime Minister of Serbia (2014–present)
- کوسووہ (partially recognised, secessionist state; under nominal international administration)
- President – عاطفه یحیی آغا, President of Kosovo (2011–present)
- Prime Minister – Isa Mustafa, Prime Minister of Kosovo (2014–present)
- UN Special Representative – ظاهر طنین, Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Kosovo (2015–present)
- سلوواکیہ
- President – آندری کیسکا, President of Slovakia (2014–present)
- Prime Minister – رابرت فیکو, Prime Minister of Slovakia (2012–present)
- سلووینیا
- President – بروت پاهور, President of Slovenia (2012–present)
- Prime Minister – Miro Cerar, Prime Minister of Slovenia (2014–present)
- ہسپانیہ
- Monarch – فلیپه ششم (اسپانیا), King of Spain (2014–present)
- Prime Minister – ماریانو راخوی, President of the Government of Spain (2011–present)
- سویڈن
- Monarch – کارل گوستاف شانزدهم سوئد, King of Sweden (1973–present)
- Prime Minister – استفان لوفون, وزیر اعظم سویڈن (2014–present)
- سویٹزرلینڈ
- Council – Federal Council of Switzerland [خ]
- Members – Doris Leuthard (2006–present), اولی ماورر (2009–present), Didier Burkhalter (2009–present), یوهان اشنایدر-آمان (2010–present; President of Switzerland, 2016–present), Simonetta Sommaruga (2010–present), Alain Berset (2012–present), and Guy Parmelin (2016–present)
- Council – Federal Council of Switzerland [خ]
- یوکرین
- President – پترو پروشنکو, صدر یوکرین (2014–present)
- Prime Minister – آرسنی یاتسنیوک, Prime Minister of Ukraine (2014–present)
- مملکت متحدہ
- Monarch – الیزابت دوم, پادشاهی بریتانیا (1952–present)
- Prime Minister – دیوید کامرون, نخستوزیر بریتانیا (2010–present)
- آئل آف مین (Crown dependency of the بریتانیا)
- Lieutenant-Governor – Adam Wood, Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man (2011–present)
- Chief Minister – Allan Bell, Chief Minister of the Isle of Man (2011–present)
- گرنزی (Crown dependency of the بریتانیا)
- Lieutenant-Governor – Sir Richard Collas, Acting Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey (2015–present)
- Chief Minister – Jonathan Le Tocq, Chief Minister of Guernsey (2014–present)
- جرزی (Crown dependency of the بریتانیا)
- Lieutenant-Governor – Sir John McColl, Lieutenant Governor of Jersey (2011–present)
- Chief Minister – Ian Gorst, Chief Minister of Jersey (2011–present)
- جبل الطارق (سرزمینهای فرادریایی بریتانیا of the بریتانیا)
- Governor –
- Alison MacMillan, Acting Governor of Gibraltar (2015–2016)
- Ed Davis, Governor of Gibraltar (2016–present)
- Chief Minister – Fabian Picardo, Chief Minister of Gibraltar (2011–present)
- Governor –
- ویٹیکن سٹی
- Monarch – پاپ فرانسیس (پاپ), Sovereign of Vatican City (2013–present)
- Head of Government – Cardinal Giuseppe Bertello, President of the Governorate of Vatican City (2011–present)
- سریر مقدس (sui generis subject of public international law)
- Secretary of State – Cardinal Pietro Parolin, Cardinal Secretary of State (2013–present)
North America[ترمیم]
- اینگویلا (سرزمینهای فرادریایی بریتانیا of the بریتانیا)
- Governor – Christina Scott, Governor of Anguilla (2013–present)
- Chief Minister – Victor Banks, Chief Minister of Anguilla (2015–present)
- اینٹیگوا و باربوڈا
- Monarch – الیزابت دوم, Queen of Antigua and Barbuda (1981–present)
- Governor-General – Sir Rodney Williams, Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda (2014–present)
- Prime Minister – Gaston Browne, Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda (2014–present)
- اروبا (constituent country of the پادشاهی هلند)
- Governor – Fredis Refunjol, Governor of Aruba (2004–present)
- Prime Minister – Mike Eman, Prime Minister of Aruba (2009–present)
- بہاماس
- Monarch – الیزابت دوم, Queen of the Bahamas (1973–present)
- Governor-General – Dame Marguerite Pindling, Governor-General of the Bahamas (2014–present)
- Prime Minister – Perry Christie, Prime Minister of the Bahamas (2012–present)
- بارباڈوس
- Monarch – الیزابت دوم, Queen of Barbados (1966–present)
- Governor-General – Sir Elliott Belgrave, Governor-General of Barbados (2012–present)
- Prime Minister – Freundel Stuart, Prime Minister of Barbados (2010–present)
- بیلیز
- Monarch – الیزابت دوم, Queen of Belize (1981–present)
- Governor-General – Sir کالویل یانگ, Governor-General of Belize (1993–present)
- Prime Minister – Dean Barrow, Prime Minister of Belize (2008–present)
- برمودا (سرزمینهای فرادریایی بریتانیا of the بریتانیا)
- Governor – George Fergusson, Governor of Bermuda (2012–present)
- Premier – Michael Dunkley, Premier of Bermuda (2014–present)
- برطانوی جزائر ورجن (سرزمینهای فرادریایی بریتانیا of the بریتانیا)
- Governor – John Duncan, Governor of the British Virgin Islands (2014–present)
- Premier – Orlando Smith, Premier of the British Virgin Islands (2011–present)
- کینیڈا
- Monarch – الیزابت دوم, پادشاهی کانادا (1952–present)
- Governor-General – دیوید جانستون, فرماندار کل کانادا (2010–present)
- Prime Minister – جاستین ترودو, نخستوزیر کانادا (2015–present)
- جزائر کیمین (سرزمینهای فرادریایی بریتانیا of the بریتانیا)
- Governor – Helen Kilpatrick, Governor of the Cayman Islands (2013–present)
- Premier – Alden McLaughlin, Premier of the Cayman Islands (2013–present)
- کوسٹاریکا
- President – Luis Guillermo Solís, President of Costa Rica (2014–present)
- کیوبا
- Communist Party Leader – رائول کاسترو, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba (2011–present)
- President – رائول کاسترو, President of the Council of State of Cuba (2008–present)
- Prime Minister – رائول کاسترو, President of the Council of Ministers of Cuba (2008–present)
- کیوراساؤ (constituent country of the پادشاهی هلند)
- Governor – Lucille George-Wout, Governor of Curaçao (2013–present)
- Prime Minister – Ben Whiteman, Prime Minister of Curaçao (2015–present)
- ڈومینیکا
- President – Charles Savarin, President of Dominica (2013–present)
- Prime Minister – Roosevelt Skerrit, Prime Minister of Dominica (2004–present)
- جمہوریہ ڈومینیکن
- President – دانیلو مدینا, President of the Dominican Republic (2012–present)
- ایل سیلواڈور
- President – سالوادور سانچز سرن, President of El Salvador (2014–present)
- گریناڈا
- Monarch – الیزابت دوم, Queen of Grenada (1974–present)
- Governor-General – Dame Cécile La Grenade, Governor-General of Grenada (2013–present)
- Prime Minister – Keith Mitchell, Prime Minister of Grenada (2013–present)
- گواتیمالا
- President –
- Alejandro Maldonado, Acting President of Guatemala (2015–2016)
- جیمی مورالس, President of Guatemala (2016–present)
- President –
- ہیٹی
- President –
- میشل مارتلی, President of Haiti (2011–2016)
- Evans Paul, Head of State of Haiti (2016)
- Jocelerme Privert, President of Haiti (2016–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Evans Paul, Prime Minister of Haiti (2015–2016)
- Fritz Jean, Prime Minister of Haiti (2016–present)
- President –
- ہونڈوراس
- President – خوان اورلاندو ارناندز, President of Honduras (2014–present)
- جمیکا
- Monarch – الیزابت دوم, Queen of Jamaica (1962–present)
- Governor-General – Sir Patrick Allen, Governor-General of Jamaica (2009–present)
- Prime Minister –
- پورتیا سیمپسون-میلر, Prime Minister of Jamaica (2012–2016)
- Andrew Holness, Prime Minister of Jamaica (2016–present)
- میکسیکو
- President – انریکه پنیا نیتو, رئیسجمهور مکزیک (2012–present)
- مانٹسریٹ (سرزمینهای فرادریایی بریتانیا of the بریتانیا)
- Governor – Elizabeth Carriere, Governor of Montserrat (2015–present)
- Premier – Donaldson Romeo, Premier of Montserrat (2014–present)
- نکاراگوا
- President – دانیل اورتگا, President of Nicaragua (2007–present)
- پاناما
- President – Juan Carlos Varela, President of Panama (2014–present)
- سینٹ بارتھیملے (مجموعه فرادریایی of فرانسه)
- Prefect – Philippe Chopin, Prefect of Saint Barthélemy (2011–present)
- Head of Government – Bruno Magras, President of the Territorial Council of Saint Barthélemy (2007–present)
- سینٹ کیٹز و ناویس
- Monarch – الیزابت دوم, Queen of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1983–present)
- Governor-General – Sir Samuel Weymouth Tapley Seaton, Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis (2015–present)
- Prime Minister – Timothy Harris, Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis (2015–present)
- سینٹ لوسیا
- Monarch – الیزابت دوم, Queen of Saint Lucia (1979–present)
- Governor-General – Dame Pearlette Louisy, Governor-General of Saint Lucia (1997–present)
- Prime Minister – Kenny Anthony, Prime Minister of Saint Lucia (2011–present)
- سینٹ مارٹن (فرانس) (مجموعه فرادریایی of فرانسه)
- Prefect – Philippe Chopin, Prefect of Saint Martin (2011–present)
- Head of Government – Aline Hanson, President of the Territorial Council of Saint Martin (2013–present)
- سینٹ پیئر و میکیلون (مجموعه فرادریایی of فرانسه)
- Prefect – Jean-Christophe Bouvier, Prefect of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (2014–present)
- Head of Government – Stéphane Artano, President of the Territorial Council of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (2006–present)
- سینٹ وینسینٹ و گریناڈائنز
- Monarch – الیزابت دوم, Queen of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1979–present)
- Governor-General – Sir فردریک بلنتاین, Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2002–present)
- Prime Minister – رالف گونسالوس, Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2001–present)
- سنٹ مارٹن (نیدرلینڈز) (constituent country of the پادشاهی هلند)
- Governor – Eugene Holiday, Governor of Sint Maarten (2010–present)
- Prime Minister – William Marlin, Prime Minister of Sint Maarten (2015–present)
- ٹرینیڈاڈ و ٹوباگو
- President – آنتونی کارمونا, President of Trinidad and Tobago (2013–present)
- Prime Minister – Keith Rowley, Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago (2015–present)
- جزائر کیکس و ترکیہ (سرزمینهای فرادریایی بریتانیا of the بریتانیا)
- Governor – Peter Beckingham, Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands (2013–present)
- Premier – Rufus Ewing, Premier of the Turks and Caicos Islands (2012–present)
- ریاستہائے متحدہ
- President – باراک اوباما, رئیسجمهور ایالات متحده آمریکا (2009–present)
- پورٹو ریکو (Commonwealth of the ایالات متحده آمریکا)
- Governor – Alejandro García Padilla, Governor of Puerto Rico (2013–present)
- امریکی جزائر ورجن (ناحیه جزیرهای of the ایالات متحده آمریکا)
- Governor – Kenneth Mapp, Governor of the United States Virgin Islands (2015–present)
Oceania[ترمیم]
- امریکی سمووا (unorganised, unincorporated territory of the ایالات متحده آمریکا)
- Governor – Lolo Matalasi Moliga, Governor of American Samoa (2013–present)
- آسٹریلیا
- Monarch – الیزابت دوم, Queen of Australia (1952–present)
- Governor-General – Sir پیتر کازگرو, فرماندار کل استرالیا (2014–present)
- Prime Minister – مالکوم ترنبول, Prime Minister of Australia (2015–present)
- جزیرہ کرسمس (external territory of استرالیا)
- Administrator – Barry Haase, Administrator of Christmas Island (2014–present)
- Shire-President – Gordon Thomson, Shire president of Christmas Island (2013–present)
- جزائر کوکوس (external territory of استرالیا)
- Administrator – Barry Haase, Administrator of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (2014–present)
- Shire-President – Balmut Pirus, Shire president of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (2015–present)
- فجی
- President – George Konrote, President of Fiji (2015–present)
- Prime Minister – Frank Bainimarama, Prime Minister of Fiji (2007–present)
- فرانسیسی پولینیشیا (مجموعه فرادریایی of فرانسه)
- High Commissioner – Lionel Beffre, High Commissioner of the Republic in French Polynesia (2013–present)
- President – Édouard Fritch, President of French Polynesia (2014–present)
- گوام (ناحیه جزیرهای of the ایالات متحده آمریکا)
- Governor – Eddie Calvo, Governor of Guam (2011–present)
- کیریباتی
- President –
- آنوته تونگ, President of Kiribati (2003–2016)
- Taneti Maamau, President of Kiribati (2016–present)
- President –
- جزائر مارشل
- President –
- کریستوفر لویک, President of the Marshall Islands (2012–2016)
- Casten Nemra, President of the Marshall Islands (2016)
- Hilda Heine, President of the Marshall Islands (2016–present)
- President –
- ریاستہائے وفاقیہ مائکرونیشیا
- President – Peter M. Christian, President of Micronesia (2015–present)
- ناورو
- President – Baron Waqa, President of Nauru (2013–present)
- نیو کیلیڈونیا (شهرستانها و قلمروهای ماورابحار فرانسه of فرانسه)
- High Commissioner – Vincent Bouvier, High Commissioner of New Caledonia (2014–present)
- Head of Government – Philippe Germain, President of the Government of New Caledonia (2015–present)
- نیوزی لینڈ
- Monarch – الیزابت دوم, پادشاهی نیوزیلند (1952–present)
- Governor-General – Sir جرمیا ماتپارای, Governor-General of New Zealand (2011–present)
- Prime Minister – جان کی, نخستوزیر نیوزیلند (2008–present)
- جزائر کک (associated state of نیوزیلند)
- Queen's Representative – Tom Marsters, Queen's Representative of the Cook Islands (2013–present)
- Prime Minister – Henry Puna, Prime Minister of the Cook Islands (2010–present)
- نیووے (associated state of نیوزیلند)
- Premier – Toke Talagi, Premier of Niue (2008–present)
- ٹوکیلاؤ (قلمروی وابسته of نیوزیلند)
- Administrator – Jonathan Kings, Administrator of Tokelau (2011–present)
- Head of Government – Siopili Perez, Head of Government of Tokelau (2015–present)
- جزائر شمالی ماریانا (Commonwealth of the ایالات متحده آمریکا)
- Governor – Ralph Torres, Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands (2015–present)
- پلاؤ
- President – Tommy Remengesau, President of Palau (2013–present)
- پاپوا نیو گنی
- Monarch – الیزابت دوم, Queen of Papua New Guinea (1975–present)
- Governor-General – Sir Michael Ogio, Governor-General of Papua New Guinea (2011–present)
- Prime Minister – Peter O'Neill, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea (2011–present)
- جزائر پٹکیرن (سرزمینهای فرادریایی بریتانیا of the بریتانیا)
- Governor – Jonathan Sinclair, Governor of the Pitcairn Islands (2014–present)
- Mayor – Shawn Christian, Mayor of the Pitcairn Islands (2014–present)
- سامووا
- Head of State – Tufuga Efi, O le Ao o le Malo of Samoa (2007–present)
- Prime Minister – Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi, Prime Minister of Samoa (1998–present)
- جزائر سلیمان
- Monarch – الیزابت دوم, Queen of the Solomon Islands (1978–present)
- Governor-General – Sir Frank Kabui, Governor-General of the Solomon Islands (2009–present)
- Prime Minister – Manasseh Sogavare, Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands (2014–present)
- ٹونگا
- Monarch – توپوی ششم, King of Tonga (2012–present)
- Prime Minister – ʻAkilisi Pōhiva, Prime Minister of Tonga (2014–present)
- تووالو
- Monarch – الیزابت دوم, Queen of Tuvalu (1978–present)
- Governor-General – Sir Iakoba Italeli, Governor-General of Tuvalu (2010–present)
- Prime Minister – Enele Sopoaga, Prime Minister of Tuvalu (2013–present)
- وانواٹو
- President – Baldwin Lonsdale, President of Vanuatu (2014–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Sato Kilman, Prime Minister of Vanuatu (2015–2016)
- Charlot Salwai, Prime Minister of Vanuatu (2016–present)
- والس و فتونہ (مجموعه فرادریایی of فرانسه)
- Administrator – Marcel Renouf, Administrator Superior of Wallis and Futuna (2015–present)
- Head of Government – Mikaele Kulimoetoke, President of the Territorial Assembly of Wallis and Futuna (2014–present)
South America[ترمیم]
- ارجنٹائن
- President – Mauricio Macri, President of Argentina (2015–present)
- بولیویا
- President – Evo Morales, President of Bolivia (2006–present)
- برازیل
- President – Dilma Rousseff, President of Brazil (2011–present)
- چلی
- President – Michelle Bachelet, President of Chile (2014–present)
- کولمبیا
- President – Juan Manuel Santos, President of Colombia (2010–present)
- ایکواڈور
- President – Rafael Correa, President of Ecuador (2007–present)
- جزائر فاکلینڈ (سرزمینهای فرادریایی بریتانیا of the بریتانیا)
- Governor – Colin Roberts, Governor of the Falkland Islands (2014–present)
- Head of Government – Keith Padgett, Chief Executive of the Falkland Islands (2012–present)
- گیانا
- President – David A. Granger, President of Guyana (2015–present)
- Prime Minister – Moses Nagamootoo, Prime Minister of Guyana (2015–present)
- پیراگوئے
- President – Horacio Cartes, President of Paraguay (2013–present)
- پیرو
- President – Ollanta Humala, President of Peru (2011–present)
- Prime Minister – Pedro Cateriano, President of the Council of Ministers of Peru (2015–present)
- سرینام
- President – Dési Bouterse, President of Suriname (2010–present)
- یوراگوئے
- President – Tabaré Vázquez, President of Uruguay (2015–present)
- وینیزویلا
- President – نکولاس مادورو, President of Venezuela (2013–present)
مزید دیکھیے[ترمیم]
Notes[ترمیم]
- ↑ Eritrea only became independent in 1993.
- ↑ South Sudan only became independent in 2011.
- ↑ Bahrain only became independent in 1971.
- ↑ Brunei only became independent in 1984.
- ↑ Hun Sen was titled Second Prime Minister in 1993–98.
- ↑ Kazakhstan only became independent in 1991.
- ↑ Kim was referred to as supreme leader in 2011, and then appointed as First Chairman of the National Defence Commission in 2012—having been دفاکتو فهرست رهبران کره شمالی of North Korea throughout.
- ↑ Uzbekistan only became independent in 1991.
- ↑ Montenegro only became independent in 2006.
- ↑ The seven-member Swiss Federal Council is رئیس کشور and رئیس حکومت collectively. Within this executive council, the president serves solely in a اولی بین برابرها capacity for one year.
بیرونی روابط[ترمیم]
- CIDOB Foundation (ہسپانوی میں)سانچہ:Emdashcontextualised biographies of world political leaders
- Portale Storia (ہسپانوی میں)سانچہ:Emdasha list of current rulers by country
- Rulersسانچہ:Emdasha list of rulers throughout time and places
- WorldStatesmenسانچہ:Emdashan online encyclopedia of the leaders of nations and territories